Patients Rights Essay

The legitimate interests of people who submit to clinical treatment. For a long time, basic clinical practice implied that doctors settled on choices for their patients. This paternalistic view has continuously been displaced by one advancing patient independence, whereby patients and specialists share the dynamic duty. Thus specialist understanding connections are altogether different now than they were only a couple of decades prior. Be that as it may, clashes despite everything proliferate as the clinical network and those it serves battle to characterize their particular jobs. Assent Assent, especially educated assent, is the foundation of patients’ rights. Assent depends on the sacredness of one’s individual. It implies that specialists don't reserve the option to contact or treat a patient without that patient’s endorsement on the grounds that the patient is the person who should live with the results and manage any dis-comfort brought about by treatment. A specialist can be held obligated for submitting a Battery if the specialist contacts the patient without first getting the patient’s assent. The move in specialist quiet connections appears to be unavoidable looking back. In one early assent case, a specialist told a lady he would just fix some cervical and rectal tears; rather he played out a hysterectomy. For another situation, a patient allowed her primary care physicians to look at her under sedation however demanded that they not work; the specialists expelled a fibroid tumor during the system. In one more case, a specialist guaranteed a man that a proposed activity was basic and basically without chance; the patient’s left hand was incapacitated because of the medical procedure. Assent must be intentional, able, and educated. Willful implies that, when the patient gives assent, the individual in question is liberated from outrageous pressure and isn't inebriated or affected by prescription and that the specialist has not constrained the patient into giving assent. The law presumes that a grown-up is skilled, yet competency might be an issue in various cases. Capability is regularly possibly tested when a patient can't help contradicting a doctor’s suggested treatment or rejects treatment out and out. In the event that an individual comprehends the data introduced with respect to treatment, she or he is capable to agree to or reject treatment. Assent can be given verbally, recorded as a hard copy, or by one’s activities. For instance, an individual has assented to an inoculation on the off potential for success that she has in accordance with other people who are accepting immunizations, watches the method, and afterward presents her arm to a social insurance supplier. Assent is gathered in instances of crisis or unexpected conditions. For instance, if unexpected genuine or dangerous conditions create during medical procedure for which assent has been given, agree is surmised to permit specialists to make prompt further move to forestall genuine injury or demise. Assent is additionally induced when a grown-up or kid is discovered oblivious, or when a crisis in any case requires quick treatment to forestall genuine damage or demise. Assent isn't legitimate if the patient doesn't comprehend its significance or if a patient has been deceived. Youngsters commonly may not give assent; rather a parent or watchman must agree to clinical treatment. Competency issues may emerge with intellectually sick people or the individuals who have lessened intellectual ability because of impediment or different issues. Be that as it may, the way that somebody experiences a dysfunctional behavior or lessened intellectual ability doesn't imply that the individual is bumbling. Contingent upon the sort and seriousness of the inability, the patient may in any case can comprehend a proposed course of treatment. For instance, lately most purviews have perceived the privilege of hospitalized mental patients to deny drug in specific situations. Various courts have decided that a psychological patient may reserve the option to reject antipsychotic drugs, which can create upsetting symptoms. On the off chance that a patient is awkward, actually just a legitimately named watchman can settle on treatment choices. Ordinarily, be that as it may, doctors concede to relatives on a casual premise, in this way maintaining a strategic distance from a long and costly competency hearing. Assent by a relative exhibits that the specialist counseled somebody who knows the patient well and is probably going to be worried about the patient’s prosperity. This will presumably be adequate to deter a patient from suing for inability to get assent should the patient recuperate. Lawful, moral, and moral inquiries emerge in competency cases including clinical methodology not essentially for the patient’s advantage. These cases ordinarily emerge with regards to organ gift starting with one kin then onto the next. A considerable lot of these cases are affirmed in the lower courts; the choices every now and again turn on an assessment of the connection between the giver and beneficiary. In the event that the benefactor and beneficiary have a relationship that the giver knows about, effectively takes an interest in, and profits by, courts for the most part presume that the advantages of proceeding with the relationship exceed the dangers and discomfortsâ of the method. For instance, one court allowed consent for a kidney transplant from a formatively handicapped patient into his sibling in light of the fact that the formatively crippled kid was exceptionally reliant on the sibling. For another situation, a court endorsed a seven-year-old girl’s gift of a kidney to her indistinguishable twin sister after specialists and family vouched for the nearby bond between the two. On the other hand, a mother effectively battled to forestall testing of her three-and-a-half-year-old twins for a potential bone marrow transplant for a relative on the grounds that the youngsters had just met the kid twice and were ignorant that he was their sibling. Hitched or liberated minors, incorporating those in the Armed Services, are equipped for giving their own assent. Liberated implies that the minor is self-supporting and lives autonomously of guardians and parental control. Also, under a hypothesis known as the develop minor principle, certain minors may agree t o treatment without first acquiring parental assent. In the event that the minor is fit for understanding the nature, degree, and results of clinical treatment, the person in question may agree to clinical consideration. Such circumstances normally include more established minors and medicines to assist the minor (i.e., not organ transplant benefactors or blood givers) and for the most part include moderately okay methods. Lately, be that as it may, a few minors have looked for the option to settle on crucial choices. In 1989, a state court originally perceived that a minor could settle on such a grave choice. A 17-year-old leukemia persistent declined life-sparing blood transfusions dependent on a profoundly held, family-shared strict conviction. A clinician affirmed that the young lady had the development of a 22-year-old. Incidentally, the young lady won her entitlement to decline treatment however was alive and sound when the case was at long last chosen. She had been transfused before the moderate legal procedure expected to choose such a troublesome inquiry prompted a decision in support of herself. Some state resolutions explicitly give that minors may give assent in certain profoundly charged circumstances, for example, instances of venereal ailment, pregnancy, and medication or liquor misuse. A minor may likewise overrule parental assent in specific circumstances. In one case, a mother gave assent for an Abortion for her 16-year-old unemancipated little girl, however the young lady oppose this idea. A court maintained the daughter’s option to retain assent. Courts regularly arrive at disparate results when concluding whether to meddle with a parent’s refusal to agree to a non-dangerous technique. One court wouldn't abrogate aâ father’s forswearing of agree for medical procedure to fix his son’s harelip and congenital fissure. Be that as it may, an alternate court allowed a procedure on a kid experiencing a serious facial deformation despite the fact that his mom questioned on strict grounds to the going with blood transfusion. For another situation, a kid was requested to experience clinical medicines after the guardians ineffectively rewarded the child’s serious ignites with home grown cures. Courts infrequently waver to step in where a child’s life is at serious risk. To deny a kid a useful, life-continuing treatment comprises kid disregard, and states have an obligation to shield youngsters from disregard. One case included a mother who affirmed that she didn't accept that her kid was HIV positive, notwithstanding clinical proof unexpectedly. The court requested treatment, including AZT, for the kid. Numerous different cases include guardians who need to treat a genuine sickness with nontraditional strategies or whose strict convictions preclude blood transfusions. Cases including strict convictions bring up troublesome issues under the First Amendment’s Free Excise of Religion Clause, Common Law, legal privileges of a parent in bringing up a youngster, and the state’s customary enthusiasm for ensuring those unfit to secure themselves. At the point when a child’s life is in harm's way and parental assent is retained, a clinic looks for a court-selected watchman for the youngster. The watchman, regularly a medical clinic chairman, at that point agrees to the treatment for the benefit of the youngster. In a crisis case, an appointed authority may settle on a choice via phone. Sometimes, specialists may decide to act without legal authorization if time imperatives don't permit sufficient opportunity to arrive at an adjudicator by phone. In 1982, a six-day-old baby with Down’s condition passed on after a court endorsed a parental choice to retain life-sparing medical procedure. The youngster had a condition that made eating inconceivable. The infant was cured yet given no sustenance. The open excitement over the Baby Doe case in the end helped prod the division of wellbeing and human administrations to make guidelines outlining when treatment might be retained from a crippled newborn child. Treatment migh t be retained if a newborn child is constantly and irreversibly insensible, if su

Ratio Analysis Annual Published Statements †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Ratio Analysis Annual Published Statements. Answer: Presentation: The present report depends on the investigation of the proportion for RIO Tinto and BHP Billiton. The proportions will be founded on the zones of gainfulness, dissolvability, liquidity and productivity proportion. Figures separated are from the yearly distributed explanations of the individual organizations. As clear the present proportion for Rio Tinto has spoken to a rising pattern as the organization in the year 2012 revealed current proportion of 1.42 though in the year 2017 the current expanded to 1.71 speaking to that Rio Tinto has been using its resources for meet its obligation commitments. Rio Tinto then again announced a solid arrangement of results with higher working income of US $13.9 billion and mirrored a powerful operational exhibition. BHP Billiton in 2012 detailed a present proportion of 0.93 anyway over the range of six years the present proportion stood unequivocally to 1.85. This gives a diagram that BHP Billiton has had the option to pay its liabilities. The organization posted a solid money related outcomes with positive working income of US $12.6 billion. In like manner, the speedy proportion for Rio Tinto in 2012 stood 0.96 which along these lines expanded to 1.32 in 2014. Despite the fact that the fast proportion declined in 2016 to 1.27 anyway in 2017 the speedy proportion expanded to 1.37. This mirrors the organization has adequate resources for meet its transient commitments. The purpose behind increment in fast proportion is fundamentally a direct result of solid hidden EBITDA of US $18.6 billion and with a multi year record edge of 44% in 2017. BHP revealed a snappy proportion of 0.91 in 2012 which expanded over the range of five years to 1.76. BHP announced a higher snappy proportion than Rio Tinto as the organization has better figured out how to resources for pay transient commitments. The purpose behind ascent in speedy proportion is basically a direct result of $12.6 billion money exhibiting a proceeded with progress in both the profitability and proficiency. Rio Tinto detailed an obligation proportion a lower obligation proportion of 0.47 in 2017 mirroring that the organization has lower extent of advantages financed by resources. The essential purpose behind lower obligation proportion is on the grounds that the organization took proportions of bringing down the obligation to US $3.8 billion out of 2017. BHP Billiton expressed an obligation proportion of generally stable obligation proportion as the organization detailed obligation proportion of 0.46 in 2017. The obligation proportion of BHP Billiton spoke to a lower level of BHPs resources that is offered by obligation. Sensibly the lower obligation proportion is to a great extent a result of paid off net obligation to US $9.8 billion from US $16.8 billion. The obligation to value proportion speaks to the monetary proportion that mirrors the overall extent of investors value and obligation utilized to back the benefits of organization (Scott, 2015). The obligation to value proportion for Rio Tinto throughout the years has moderately been changing as in 2012 the organization announced an obligation proportion of 1.08 in 2013 and least of 0.87 in 2017. There is higher level of obligation that is utilized by the organization to back the benefits. Besides, the expanding security yields and higher swelling with higher valuation of the US value showcase have diminished the unpredictability and altogether brought down obligation for the Rio Tinto. BHP Billiton revealed a moderately lower obligation to value proportion as in 2012 the proportion stood 0.93 while in 2017 it decreased to 0.87 speaking to a lower extent of investors value and obligation utilized to back the benefits of organization. The hidden value costs for BHP Billiton has fundamentally improved the edges and creates a solid income. BHP Billiton lower net obligation and in accordance with the solid money related execution of non-money alteration of US $0.6 billion. Stock Turnover Ratio: The stock turnover proportion can be characterized as the proportion that speaks to how well the association is successfully dealing with its stock (Weygandt et al., 2015). The stock turnover proportion for Rio Tinto in 2012 stood lower to 8.31 anyway over the range of six years it expanded to 11.53 in 2017. This speaks to Rio Tinto moderately more slow to change over its stock to the dollar sum. In spite of the more slow stock change rate the market conclusions for Rio Tinto chinas gracefully side reorganization were executed and drop in the worldwide stock by 10 percent. Moreover, the market flexibly for titanium likewise improved in 2017 that was bolstered by lower stock and more tight gracefully. BHP Billiton detailed an improved stock turnover proportion of 0.56 in 2012 which further improved in 2017 with the organization announcing stock turnover of 0.33. This speaks to that the organization has been effective in changing over its income rapidly than Rio Tinto to the dollar sum. The essential explanation behind diminished stock proportion is a result of decreased expense of Esconda unit by seven percent bringing about ceaseless efficiency and good developments in stock. The advantage turnover proportion is viewed as the productivity proportion that helps in estimating the capacity of the association in creating deals from its benefits by contrasting the net deals and the normal absolute resources (Williams, 2014). Rio Tinto detailed a moderately steady resource turnover proportion of 0.44 in 2012. Despite the fact that the proportion fell in 2015 to 0.38 anyway in 2017 it stood emphatically to 0.46. The essential explanation behind improved resource turnover proportion is a result of solid monetary record, world-class resources and trained allotment of capital spots Rio Tinto in the one of a kind situation of having the option to put resources into higher worth development and give better come back from its benefits than investors. BHP Billiton announced a declining pattern of advantage turnover proportion. The proportion in 2012 stood 0.65 while in 2017 it felled down to as low as 0.32. This speaks to that the organization has produced lower extent of deals from its benefits. Notwithstanding the lower extent of focused deals, the top of the line resources produce huge measure of money from all the stages and with positive accounting report and come back to investors of US $4.4 billion. The gainfulness proportion is utilized decide the capacity of the business in producing the income in contrast with the use and different business costs that are happened during the specific timeframe (Weygandt et al., 2015). Net Profit Margin: The net overall revenue speaks to the level of income that is left over after the use are deducted from the deals. If there should be an occurrence of Rio Tinto, the overall revenue proportion over the range of five years stood generally steady. The proportion in 2012 stood 17.56 while in 2017 it expanded insignificantly to 20.25. The essential purpose behind improved net overall revenue is solid fundamental income of US $8.6 billion and solid net profit of US $8.8 billion out of 2017. BHP Billiton revealed an overall revenue proportion of 21.21 in 2012 though in 2016 the net revenue declined to - 19.80 mirroring a fall in the edge of benefit for the organization. Be that as it may, in 2017 the edge improved decidedly to stand 15.95. The essential purpose behind ascent in benefit for BHP is a direct result of the US $5.9 billion of inferable benefit in 2017 while the fundamental inferable benefit was US $6.7 billion of every 2016. The arrival on resources demonstrates how the organization is moderately creating benefit in regard its all out resources (Warren Jones, 2018). If there should be an occurrence of Rio Tinto the arrival on resources stood moderately turbulent as in 2012 the proportion stood 17.56 while in 2015 it declined to 13.00. The proportion anyway improved to 20.25 in 2017. BHP detailed an arrival on resources of 13.69 in 2012 anyway in 2016 the advantage declined to - 5.19. In the resulting year of 2017 the benefit has improved emphatically to 5.18. The organization has differentiated arrangement of sending innovation and applying capital control to separate most and better yield from its benefits. The RIO Tinto improve return on resources is principally a result of the organization US $50 billion resource with most worth imaginative projects to give come back from the advantages. End: On an indisputable note the investigation can be finished up by expressing that Rio Tinto has moderately announced a solid monetary presentation in regard to BHP Billiton. The present proportion and brisk proportion remained steadfast for Rio Tinto and the overall revenue mirrors that the organization has better capacity to produced deals income from its advantages utilized. Reference List: Gitman, L. J., Juchau, R., Flanagan, J. (2015).Principles of administrative money. Pearson Higher Education AU. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015).Issues in monetary bookkeeping. Pearson Higher Education AU. Narayanaswamy, R. (2017).Financial bookkeeping: an administrative point of view. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. (2017).Contemporary natural bookkeeping: issues, ideas and practice. Routledge. Scott, W. R. (2015).Financial bookkeeping theory(Vol. 2, No. 0, p. 0). Prentice Hall. Warren, C. S., Jones, J. (2018).Corporate monetary bookkeeping. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial administrative bookkeeping. John Wiley Sons. Williams, J. (2014).Financial bookkeeping. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

The Talent of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Shakespeare Othel

The Talent of Iago in Othelloâ â Â Â â William Shakespeare's Othello is an awful dramatization that shows the staggering intensity of misdirection and the harm it can lead to.â Othello's correct hand man is Iago; on a superficial level an obstinate companion and partner, actually practically identical to the fallen angel himself.â Iago utilizes different characters just as they were his manikins, planting falsehoods and viewing the miserable natural product born.â Iago beguiles prudent, yet more fragile men, (for example, Cassio and Roderigo) effortlessly, yet feels extraordinarily compromised by the most remarkable, righteous general in the land - Othello.â Othello's just defect is envy, and Iago abuses this continually, utilizing him to get what he wants.â Iago's ability to control reality and control others with his untruths is the thing that gives this play momentum.â More than some other trademark, Iago goes after the individuals who are genuinely uncertain of their desires.â Iago figures out how to discover methods of changing these characters' impression of the real world, constraining them to have confidence in obscurity world that Iago has made for them.â The principle feelings that Iago twists and turns are those of affection... ... Castlerock Entertainment, 1995. Â Shakespeare, William. The Tradegy of Othello, The Moor of Venice. Writing: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, 6th release. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. Â Wright, Louis B. furthermore, Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Republish from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957 Â

Management And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology Essay

The executives And Treatment And Psychosocial Aspects Of Pneumonia Biology Essay This article will investigate the pathophysiology, the executives and treatment, and psychosocial parts of pneumonia in a grown-up persistent. Data has been gotten by the methods for history taking, assessment, and dissecting the patients clinical records to shape a contextual analysis in which the segments referenced will be considered according to the contextual analysis. Area A Case History VD is a multi year old female who was conceded into the intense clinical unit (AMU) on 29/1/11 after objections of for the most part feeling unwell and chest torment. She had a past filled with feeling unwell since 25/1/11 combined with chest torment. This torment was a sharp agony under her correct bosom which was discontinuous and transmitted around her chest to her back. The torment was more awful on motivation or when hacking, and was calmed by over-the-counter absense of pain. She likewise felt sweat-soaked, pyrexic (39.7 Â °C), had rigors and throbs over her body, anyway she was not shy of breath. She likewise had manifestations of a non profitable dry hack, poor craving and retching once in AMU (watery and boring). She recently had no scenes of sickness and regurgitating, no palpitations or cerebral pains, no urinary manifestations and ordinary solid discharges. She has not had any ongoing contact with any individual who had comparable indications. In her past clinical history she was determined to have Sjã ¶grens condition and fundamental sclerosis a year ago; both foundational immune system maladies. She was on two courses of anti-toxins a year ago for related pleuritic chest torment. Her family ancestry comprised of her dad having ischaemic coronary illness (IHD) and her mom kicking the bucket from lung malignancy, in spite of the fact that she was an overwhelming smoker. She right now lives with her significant other at home and her occupation is as a shop partner; this shows the contamination she has is destined to be network gained. She has been a deep rooted non-smoker and she doesn't drink liquor. She was on no ordinary medicine before being conceded, however is currently on 1000mg of paracetamol four times each day (QDS) and 500mg of amoxicillin three times each day (TDS). She has no sensitivities. On assessment in a respiratory ward, VD was apyrexial with a circulatory strain perusing of 95/65, a pulse of 95 beats for every moment and a respiratory pace of 18 breaths for each moment. Oxygen immersions (SATS) were 96% in air and she was talking in full sentences, while looking commonly agreeable very still. Her hands appeared to be dry and flaky on investigation yet there were no irregularities all over. On palpation of her chest, there was equivalent chest development and no tracheal deviation. There were additionally no development of cervical or supraclavicular hubs. On percussion, there were dull sounds that could be heard on both right and left lung bases. On ausculatation, coarse pops could likewise be heard justified and left lung bases. There were no anomalous heart sounds heard and her slender top off time (CRT) was under 3 seconds. Her mid-region was delicate and non delicate, and typical inside sounds were heard. There was ordinary tone, power and reflexes in every o ne of the 4 appendages and her Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score was 15/15. Her blood vessel blood gas esteems were as per the following: pH 7.43, pCO2 5.49, pO2 10.1, HCO3-26.8, basal abundance of 2.8 and glucose of 5.6; these qualities showed that she was not in respiratory disappointment. She was additionally found to have a raised C receptive protein (CRP) of 210, with a high neutophil tally of 10.1. Her chest x-beam film uncovered union in her correct lung base and no pneumothorax. The impression from the x-beam was that it was correct lower lobar pneumonia (Figure 1 is a case of what VDs x-beam would have resembled). 1 No blood societies were recorded in her notes as it was expected that due to the neutrophilia the imaginable source was bacterial. In the wake of being at first treated with intravenous (IV) anti-microbials in emergency clinic, her side effects were calmed, no pops could be heard and her chest was clearing up on 1/2/11. She was then released toward the evening on 2/2/11 given the guidelines to proceed with her course of oral amoxicillin. Segment B Pathophysiology Presentation Pneumonia can be portrayed as an irritation to the lungs distal aviation routes, especially the alveoli, for the most part with a bacterial disease being the root. 2 3 It clinically presents as an intense ailment which can incorporate fever, hack and purulent sputum, despite the fact that the last was absent in VD. Pneumonias can be arranged by the site of the combination (anatomically), or by the etiology of the infection (see Table 1). 2 3 VD was suspected to have lobar pneumonia in the wake of taking a gander at her chest x-beam. Most of lobar pneumonias are because of Streptococcus pneumonia and can influence a huge part, or an entire flap of the lung. 3 Lobar Pneumonia There are four phases to the pathology of lobar pneumonia, which is a great case of intense aggravation; these are: blockage, red hepatisation, dark hepatisation and goals. 3 Congestion is the main stage and goes on for roughly 24 hours. This is spoken to by protein-rich exudates spilling into the alveolar spaces and furthermore causing venous blockage therefore making the lung become oedematous, heavier and redder in shading. 3 The following stage is red hepatisation which has a term of a couple of days. Enormous quantities of polymorphs (neutrophils and basophils) amass in the alveolar spaces alongside certain lymphocytes and macrophages. 3 Many erythrocytes are extravasated from the expanded vessels into the lung tissue, alongside the overlying pleura being secured with fibrinous exudates. 3 The lung is presently strong and airless, taking after a new liver. Figure 1 backings the last articulation by demonstrating a strong solidification in the correct lower projection. At the poi nt when the lung gets dim and strong, this is dark hepatisation. This additionally keeps going a couple of days and speaks to assist collection of fibrin combined with the obliteration of leukocytes and erythrocytes. 3 The last stage is goals, whereby the lung returns to its ordinary condition. 4 This occurs at roughly 8-10 days in cases which are untreated and is the point at which the cells and fibrin in the alveoli experience greasy degeneration. 3 4 This makes the exudates be changed over into an emulsion, creating a yellow discharge like appearance. 4 The exudates are presently in a condition where they can be reabsorbed, while saving the hidden alveolar divider structure. 3 4 The lungs would be milder yet stay strong, and this would be affirmed on a x-beam by combination of the lungs. Co-morbidities VDs history additionally referenced having a foundation history of Sjã ¶grens disorder and fundamental sclerosis; both foundational immune system infections. Sjã ¶grens disorder is a fiery malady that transcendently influences the exocrine organs with a relationship to HLA-B8/DR3, which for the most part causes dryness in the eyes and mouth. 2 5 However it can likewise cause extra glandular issues, for example, Raynauds marvel, joint inflammation and lung aggravation, causing debasement of the coating of the bronchioles and alveoli thusly causing lung diseases. 2 5 6 Foundational sclerosis, otherwise called fundamental scleroderma, is a multi-framework immune system illness in which the reason is obscure. 2 It basically causes snugness and solidifying of the skin, (for example, VDs hands) however different frameworks can likewise be influenced, for example, the lungs. 2 There is some demolition to the lungs in patients with scleroderma which can prompt right cardiovascular breakdown because of aspiratory hypertension. 7 Other intricacies that include the lungs incorporate aspiratory drain, pneumothorax and pneumonia. 7 Synopsis VD had come in with an intense disease and was determined to have pneumonia. Her correct lower projection was combined implying that she has had it for a couple of days as protein exudates have spilled into the alveolar spaces and getting fibrinous, appearing as strong on the chest x-beam, with her CRP (a marker of irritation) likewise being raised. VDs clinical history a year ago expressed that she had experienced two past chest diseases that necessary anti-toxins for her to recuperate. This might be because of the immune system illnesses previously mentioned that she had as of late been determined to have, making her be increasingly inclined to contracting contaminations, particularly in her respiratory tract. She is at present not on immunosuppressant drugs, however if she somehow happened to be for her immune system conditions it would then be adverse to her safe framework. This would leave her despite everything being inclined to securing diseases, leaving her in a significant q uandary. Area C Treatment and Management VD was on 1000mg of oral paracetamol QDS and 500mg of oral amoxicillin three TDS when she was moved to the respiratory ward. The primary activities of these medications were to improve her hot side effects and torment while likewise endeavoring to clear up her contamination. Paracetamol Paracetamol (otherwise called acetaminophen in the USA) is one of the most broadly utilized non-opiate, pain relieving and antipyretic over-the-counter medications on the planet. 8-11 It has properties looking like those of nonsteroidal mitigating drugs (NSAIDs, for example, its pain relieving and antipyrexic activities, which can be followed back to the hindrance of the focal sensory systems prostaglandin (PG) union. 8 9 It likewise shares some calming properties, anyway it doesn't deliver the platelet or gastric symptoms that different NSAIDs do, along these lines causing contention with regards to whether it ought to try and be delegated a NSAID by any means. 8 It is normally given orally and is utilized in the liver, with a half existence of around 2-4 hours, subsequently why VD was given it QDS to maintain a strategic distance from harmful portions. Instrument of Action It is viewed as that the principle component of paracetamol is the hindrance of the protein cyclooxygenase (COX), COX-2 specifically as studies have demonstrated that it is exceptionally particular towards it. Because of its high selectivity towards COX-2, its restraint towards star thickening thromboxanes is limit

Genuine Use Of The Complying Conditions †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Genuine Use Of The Complying Conditions? Answer: Introducation The issue of expense evasion resembles a twofold edged blade in the hands of the assessment specialists. It gets troublesome, for both the citizens just as the specialists, to separate between the real utilization of the agreeing conditions and the genuine consistence of the guidelines. In specific cases, a citizen may advance a duty evasion proposition as a non-charge shirking proposition to get away from the expense net. At times, this happens in light of the fact that the edges from ventures are unreasonably low for the citizen. In any case, when a citizen is deciding on a superior pace of return by ventures not being dependent upon tax assessment in view of duty evasion utilization of the Act, at that point the reason for the citizen is to exploit charge shirking guidelines. In the perspective on the Commissioner, this is likewise appeared through the claim of Challenge (CA) and is additionally steady with the methodology which the Australian High Court embraced on account of Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Spotless Services Ltd (1996) 186 CLR 404. Indeed, even McGechan J has likewise spoken about how such a course of action was organized on account of Elmiger (HC)[1], and I quote: I am very unfit to acknowledge accommodation (a). Unmistakably, and in any event, one of the reasons or impacts of the downstream exchanges was charge evasion, and that was not an only accidental reason or impact. One need not look far. There was, obviously, a normal business reason or a level of customary business reason in what was finished. Fay Richwhite and CML planned to make benefits. That is valid in all business, incorporating business conveyed forward in an expense compelling way: it isn't accomplished for diversion or to tempt the duty man. They went about it, in any case, in a way which - charge factors separated - was exceptionally and pointlessly confounded. There was no explanation - charge factors separated - for the expand downstream chain and helper exercises being remembered for something which fundamentally was a loaning of cash raised by the RPS exchanges on secure ventures gaining premium. To state in any case resembles venturing out from Wellington to Auckland t hrough Stewart Island, the Chathams and Kermadecs (in the event that not Easter Island), at that point asserting that is simply one more accessible course. Unquote. Taking into account such perceptions, it follows that the size of a tax cut accomplished by a citizen under the organized course of action can't be utilized to set up that the citizen has used an expense evasion reason which is only coincidental. Despite what might be expected, tax assessment specialists need to advance a solid evidential factor in a courtroom which will cause the adjudicator to consider a view on whether the duty shirking motivation behind the citizen is following normally from a non-charge evasion reason. Simply saying that the tax breaks are huge, can make it hard for the tax assessment specialists to set up that the citizens tax cuts will follow normally from or perhaps essentially connected to, some other purpose[2]. The issue which this paper professes to investigate is the errand looked by the tax collection experts in distinguishing any courses of action which are organized by the citizen and this incorporates recognizable proof of the assessment impacts under the expense arrangements covering the issues[3] through Sections BG 1 and GA 1 of the Income Tax Act of 2007. Guidelines s 108 of the Land and Income Tax Act, 1954; s 99 of the Income Tax Act, 1976; ss BG 1 and GB 1 of the Income Tax Act, 1994; ss GB 1 and GB 1 of the Income Tax Act, 2004; ss BG 1 and GA 1 of the Income Tax Act, 2007; s YA 1 of the Income Tax Act, 2007. Ben Nevis Forestry Ventures Ltd v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [2008] NZSC 115, [2009] 2 NZLR 289. BNZ Investments Ltd v Commissioner of Inland Revenue (2009) 24 NZTC 23,582 (HC). Official of Inland Revenue v Alcan New Zealand Ltd [1994] 3 NZLR 439 (CA). Official of Inland Revenue v BNZ Investments Ltd [2002] 1 NZLR 450 (CA). MacNiven (HM Inspector of Taxes) v Westmoreland Investments Ltd [2001] UKHL 6, [2003] 1 AC 311. Penny v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [2011] NZSC 95, [2012] 1 NZLR 433. Sovereign Assurance Company Ltd v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [2012] NZHC 1760, (2012) 25 NZTC 20-138.APPROACH TO SECTION BG 1 Before we start the conversation on issues identified with charge shirking by citizens, we have to comprehend the clarification which Section BG 1[4] gives: an assessment shirking game plan organized by the citizen gets void as it gets against the perspective of the Commissioner; in such cases the Commissioner has the choice to check the assessment advantage which the citizen has acquired under the game plan. Under the enactment, there are sure key components which apply to ss BG 1 and GA 1 of the Income Tax Act, 2007: game plan; charge shirking; and charge shirking game plan. Area BG 1 is utilized by tax collection specialists to clarify the term charge evasion game plan. This term contains two significant parts - the term charge shirking and course of action. We will talk about the term game plan first and the term charge evasion will be examined later. The idea of a course of action is characterized in s YA 1 as a methods or an understanding or an agreement or an arrangement or an understanding, which might be enforceable or unenforceable and incorporates all the means just as the exchanges through which it very well may be brought into impact. Meaning of the term course of action had been given in s 99(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1976 and was considered by Richardson P on account of BNZ Investments No 1 (CA) and it contrasts from the present meaning of plan in s YA 1[5]. The term is characterized under s YA 1 as a course of action can be an agreement which is legitimately enforceable or a less proper understanding or an arrangement which could conceivably be lawfully enforceable. Despite the fact that the words utilized in the above noted definition, an understanding, agreement, plan, or comprehension have been utilized in the solitary structure, it doesn't pass on the implying that the game plan organized by the citizen would be found either in a solitary archive or exchange. This clarifies there can be at least two archives or might be exchanges, which may together make one game plan. This has been built up on account of Tayles v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1982] 2 NZLR 726 (CA), where the litigant rancher had executed three archives a deed of trust, a deed of organization and an understanding for the exchange which included just one stock. Thusly, the meaning of the term clarifies that a course of action can be incorporated of different activities which have been embraced by the citizen for doing an organized game plan, regardless of whether all the activities are not outlined in the understanding or agreement or plan or comprehension. This is additionally settled on account of Commissioner of Inland Revenue v Penny [2010] NZCA 231, [2010] 3 NZLR 360, where Randerson J expressed, and I quote: I am fulfilled that a course of action isn't restricted to a particular exchange or understanding however may grasp a progression of choices and steps taken which together proof and establish an understanding, plan or comprehension. Any such course of action might be proceeded in every one of the salary years being referred to or might be shifted from year to year. Unquote. In some different choices, the courts conveyed the implying that at least two exchanges may not be adequately connected to one another with the goal that they can establish a course of action. These choices were instrumental in proposing that at least two exchanges can't be viewed as comprising a course of action only for the explanation that one individual is end up being the gathering to the two exchanges and it has been expected that he went into one exchange in light of the other. At the point when such happenings go to the front line, it is for tax assessment specialists to gather and inspect all the pertinent realities relating to the exchange or exchanges and present their connecting with the organized course of action created by the citizen and present the established truths to the court. In this specific circumstance, the initial step was taken by Wild J while managing the instance of BNZ Investments No 2 (HC)[6], when he embraced a broad investigation of the introduced realities before he considered the application under s BG 1. It now and again become troublesome in any event, for the noteworthy appointed authorities to accept a choice with respect to what is applicable while dissecting whether there is an authentic expense shirking by the citizen or whether any assessment evasion is being appeared as simply coincidental to the non-charge reason. So, it is the right investigation of the data which will be applicable in coming to a reasonable and exact p erspective with regards to whether there is an assessment evasion, in the event that it can dispassionately build up the business and financial truth of the exchanges and can relate the organized arrangement of the citizen to a specific area of the Act. Essentially, the gathered data will likewise get pertinent to the test not just coincidental, on the off chance that it prompts the proof of a non-charge shirking reason for the citizen which can clarify the specific structure of the course of action proposed by the taxpayer[7]. In this specific circumstance, the current instance of Mr. Nathan can be contrasted and that of AMP Life Ltd v Commissioner of Inland Revenue (2000) 19 NZTC 15,940 (HC). This case is viewed as an expert regarding the matter that the grouping of the revealed occasions may not generally establish a course of action just on the thought that one occasion follows the other or potentially they appear to be causally identified with one another. The dispute of the Commissioner was that for this situation, there was a plan among AMP and AFS (an auxiliary) and this was induced as a result of the accompanying related advances: AMP and different auxiliaries of it (counting AFS) were gathering their misfortunes which they had caused due to the offer market crash of 1987 and were guaranteeing conclusions because of these misfortunes in their pay year finished 3

Literary Tourism Lawrence, Kansas

Literary Tourism Lawrence, Kansas I moved to Kansas for love five years ago. Little was I expecting Lawrence’s legendary local arts scene, which came as a complete and welcome shock. Besides the quirky annual Art Car Parade and Busker Fest, tons of cool literary events go on around town all year long. (And over half of Book Riot’s full-time staff have lived in Lawrence at one time or another, too. How could it get any more literary than that?) Here are some of my very favorite local bookish happenings. Come visit us and check ‘em out. William Burroughs House In 1981, William Burroughs’ boyfriend lured him to Lawrence, KS, to get him away from the drugs and drama of New York City life. Today you can visit his remote bungalow at 1927 Learnard Avenue (check out the photo gallery).  Burroughs spent the last 16 years of his life in Lawrence, forever putting his stamp on the local scene and bringing through visitors like Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Hunter S. Thompson, Timothy Leary, Patti Smith, and Kurt Cobain. He would have turned 100 this year, and the city celebrated with exhibits, events, and even a beer brewed in his honor by Free State Brewery. The Campbell Conference The University of Kansas has a pretty rockin’ Gunn Center for the Study of Science Fiction, and the annual Campbell Conference is its premier event. Usually held in June or July, organizers present the Campbell Award and bring in lots of professional and amateur speculative fiction authors, round table discussions, and book signings. The Gunn Center has a lecture series, too, and has been key  in bringing in sweet authors like Max Brooks and Cory Doctorow for public events. Nerd Nite Lawrence Do you have a Nerd Nite in your town? Lawrence does, and it’s bananas fun. Described as “TED talks with spirits and small bites,” anywhere from 60 100 local “nerds” gather at a bar once a month to hear three mini-lectures from smarty pants townies on the subjects they’re passionate about. While Nerd Nite Lawrence isn’t exclusively literary, it’s seen its fair share of goofy PowerPoints on Ray Bradbury, William Faulkner, Cormac McCarthy, Flannery O’Connor, Marilynne Robinson, Daniel Woodrell, Sam Shepard, Charles Portis, Diane Williams, Christopher Isherwood, Timothy Egan, and comics. And you’ll probably bump into the good folks of… PBR Book Club If you like beer with your books, PBR Book Club is the local hangout for you. This co-ed group of 20 or so gets together at a downtown bar once a month to drink cheap beer and have irreverent discussions about books like Americanah, Underworld, Ready Player One, 2666, Cloud Atlas, The Goldfinch, and 1Q84. There are beer coozies, too. (And they secretly don’t mind if you drink good beer.) Downtown Bookstore Culture Downtown Lawrence hosts a constellation of three indie bookstores, a comic shop, a public library, and a used bookstore all within three blocks of each other, right near 7th Massachusetts Streets. Not bad  for a town of 90,000.  The Raven has a cool Big Tent reading series that brings in three indie authors each month to strut their stuff, and it’s easy to lose track of time in the stacks at Astrokitty Comics and The Dusty Bookshelf, too. Signs of Life skews inspirational and Christian, and has the biggest best space for reading quietly over coffee. For children’s books, you can’t beat The Toy Store’s huge second floor collection. Or how about  a local ‘zine from the cool kids at Wonder Fair Gallery? Meanwhile, no one can wait for the fancy new Lawrence Public Library to reopen downtown this summer. Local librarians will keep bringing in awesome authors like Marilynne Robinson, Tony Horwitz, Daniel Woodrell, Candice Millard, and Maggie Stiefvater, but in a big new beautiful space with a free music recording studio, coffee shop, comfy reading nooks, gallery spaces,  and a grassy outdoor performance plaza. Best yet: no one would be surprised if you bumped into local authors Patricia Lockwood, Laura Moriarty, Mary O’Connell, Tessa Gratton, or maybe even Sara Paretsky while trekking from one downtown bookish destination to another. Langston Hughes Legacy Langston Hughes was born in 1902 and lived in Lawrence during his formative childhood years from 1903-1915. The City of Lawrence’s motto is taken from a Hughes poem â€"  â€œWe have tomorrow / Bright before us / Like a flame… “ â€"  and is on a plaque outside City Hall. Visit Watkins Museum of History in downtown Lawrence to see a small exhibit on Langston Hughes legacy in Lawrence. University of Kansas A vibrant university goes hand in hand with a vibrant literary culture. Here are a few of the most wonderful bookish things about KU: KU Hall Center for the Humanities: Meet authors like Junot Diaz, Sarah Vowell, Stephen Greenblatt, Jamaica Kincaid, Mary Oliver, Jeanette Walls, and Edwidge Danticat, all for free at the Humanities  Lecture Series! KU Libraries: Visit all of the university libraries, but specifically Watson Library, which keeps all its books INSIDE the walls. Literally. The making-out-in the-stacks fantasy doesn’t get any better than that. And the Spencer Research Library has a bunch of rad old books. KJHK Sunflower Reading Series: Listen to KUs weekly literary student radio show featuring short stories, plays, slam poetry, nonfiction, essays, science fiction, and more. SUA the Lied Center: What, you want more, you gluttonous bookworm you? Fine. Student Union Activities and the Lied Center have been known to host A-List authors like Max Brooks and David Sedaris. Lawrence Arts Center Lawrence is lucky to have a local arts center that supports not just visual arts, but also dramatic arts, music, film, literature, and beyond. LAC  hosts a monthly themed story slam à  la The Moth; they curate a Poetry off the Page series each spring thats been known to involve gorilla suits and poetry mailboxes; and theyve recently brought in literary crossovers John Waters and Marc Maron for public events. Most excitingly of all, Lawrence Arts Center just won a half million dollar grant from ArtPlace America for a new downtown arts corridor just east of Massachusetts Street.  The project will embed public art in the streetscape, emphasizing human-scale, walkability, inter-modal paths, natural elements and images and ideas of people who live and work in the neighborhood. COOL. Places To Read Want nothing more than a quiet place to read? Try South Park on a warm May day, Potter Lake  in view of the Campanile, The Bourgeois Pig, the overlook at Clinton Lake, or a neighborhood porch. Save

Gaining Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Part 1: Analyse and identify all of the influencing factors on gaining a first class degree. During this analysis clearly display the controllable/uncontrollable factors surrounding this situation. (40marks) The factors that influence the achievement of a 1st class degree can be split into two categories; those that can be controlled by the individual in question and those that cannot. Those that can be controlled relate almost entirely to the individual, where as those that do not relate to both the individual (for example the interest in learning that they acquired due to their parents involvement) and the individuals external environment. In either case, in this study, these factors are subject to the following assumptions; that the individual achieved the required grades to attend the university that he/she is at, that a 1st class degree is based on individual performance rather than a weighting amongst peers, and that there are no extraordinary factors or mitigating circumstances that might affect attainment. Controllable factors based on the student at the start point of the course, centre around the students ability/determination to learn. The largest controllable factor must be the amount of study that the student undertakes. A 1st class degree requires a student to perform above expectation and in general this would mean studying more effectivel y for longer. If the student is able to study for longer, then they should achieve a better grade, and given that the amount of time dedicating to study is essentially up to the student within a certain limit, this factor may be controllable. Distance to the library etc and other factors that affect the amount of study performed may also be down to the individual student. The quality of study is also a controllable factor. The more effective a student is during this study time, the more likely they are to achieve a 1st class degree. This could be controlled by reducing the negative impact of external factors on studying. For example, getting more sleep so the student is alert, or having the correct surroundings for studying (i.e. reducing noise levels). Though the student social life may be detrimental to this, it is controllable by the student, and it is the student who may make a choice between spending time socialising over studying. The correct education and choice of course is a controllable factor in attaining a 1st class degree. A student who has chosen to study a course that they find easier and that they are more capable at may achieve this grade. Whereas the choice to study a harder degree where their core competencies do not lie, may be detrimental. Essentially, the controllable factors come down to the students determination to succeed. A more determined student may forgo the temptations of a social life, may study harder, spend less time on other activities, and focus more on their studies. The controllable factor is essentially one of will power and may be determined by the individuals willingness to succeed, and the perceived reward of attaining a 1st class degree. Uncontrollable factors relate to the student, and their external environment (the University). The uncontrollable factors relating to the student are around genetics and natural preference. The genetics of the students are uncontrollable; they may naturally be le ss intelligent and incapable of a 1st class degree. They may not have the intelligence to perform, or the natural drive to attain a 1st class degree. They may also simply be happy with another class degree. Regarding natural preference, it is known that people learn in different ways, and that different methods suit different people. It may be the case that a students preferred learning method is in contrast to the method taught at the university or the choice of course. A lecturer teaching in a particularly oral manner is an uncontrollable factor for a student whose naturally preferred learning method is through visualisation. The quality of Lecturers is an uncontrollable factor for the student. Though they may have chosen the university they attended, they may have little influence over the lecturers they have. A poor lecturer may result in a lower quality of learning for the student. The standard of the University is important, but in particular, the standard of the university compared to the standard of the student. An average student may be much more capable of attaining a 1st class degree at a lower level university than at a top university. As such, the student has no control over the standards set by the university. The quality and interpretation of marking and communication is another uncontrollable factor. A tutor with many papers to mark may miss key points made by students, misread, or aggregate marks. As such the quality and accuracy of marking is uncontrollable, but could equally affect the student in either direction unless there is a preference for the marker towards an average (of which a 1st class grade is of course not). Finally, there is an uncontrollable element of luck: each student may only have time in the course to study certain elements, and the questions that come up in exams may suit the topics they are better at, or worse at. They may pick a dissertation topic that they later find out is particularly tricky . Part 2: Apply means-end analysis to this situation and devise a plan of action. (40 marks) Means-end analysis takes an individual objective goal, and a current situation, and then attempts to reduce the gap between the two. The Means-End Analysis covers several key points: Identifying the end goal, defining the goals necessary to reach the end state, describing the current situation, analysing the resources required to achieve these states, and planning their attainment. In this case the end goal is the achievement of a 1st class degree. Of course it is perfectly reasonable that the 1st class degree is not the end point for the individual, and that in fact the degree is an enabler for them to achieve a further end, for example attaining a good job, or respect amongst peers etc. The goals necessary to reach a 1st class degree may be specific to the course. But in this case we will make assumptions; that the student is on a 3 year degree course, that the first year has no impact on the degree, but is a foundation year, that the second and third year are weight ed 40% and 60% respectively, of which 30% in the final year is a dissertation, and that the non-dissertation marks totalling 70% are based on annual exams in the 2nd and 3rd years. The final assumption is that the student needs 70% to achieve a 1st class degree. The goals, and plan for this student are therefore: To use the first year in such a way that enables achievement of required grades in the 2nd and 3rd years. To achieve 70% in the 2nd Year exams To achieve 70% in the 3rd year exams To achieve 70% in the dissertation Describing the current situation is much simpler; the assumption is that the current start position is of a student at the start point of a degree course. They have no prior knowledge of the course topic, and no mitigating circumstances. The required resources to attain the stages described can be taken from the controllable factors in the first part of this analysis. The student must study for a sufficient amount of time, they must obtain a level of effectiveness in their studies (quality of study), they must have the correct education for the course, and must be determined enough to succeed that they would prioritise the attainment of a 1st class degree over other activities. These behaviours will ultimately affect all of the above stages. The final part of the means-end analysis is to plan the attainment of these goals, which can be done by taking the behaviours and resources required to meet the individual stages, and marking specific requirements against them, and b y specifying specific aims that will enable attainment of the specific goals: Year 1: Aim to achieve 70% in the first year exams, despite them mark not counting towards the overall degree grade. This will embed the behaviours required to achieve this grade, in preparation for the qualifying years. Attempt to use the first year to identify the topics that are most suitable to the student. Identify those which the student can achieve the best marks in, and then try to carry these topics and module choices through to the final 2 years. Aim to set specific working times, and standards for quality of study in the first year such that they become habit by the 2nd and 3rd years. An example could be studying in silence, or making a routine for trips to the university library that becomes habit. Use this year to identify the students preferred learning method. Year 2: Continue to maintain standards of quality in work, by setting a stringent study timetable, encompassing rewards as a motivation. For the period before the annual exams dedicate more time to study/revision, and less to social life or other activities. Ensure during the year that a suitable learning method has been found and is being utilised. Aim to identify the lecturers and tutors that the student benefits most from, and utilising their expertise. Year 3: Again, continue to maintain standards of quality in work, by setting a stringent study timetable, encompassing rewards as a motivation, but also tailor to the specific project of the dissertation. Effectively plan the dissertation such that the optimal use of time is made throughout the year, and that it does not affect final exam preparations. Make full use of learning methods examined. Attempt to over-prepare in all areas such that the element of luck in exam questions/marking failures is eliminated. If a student were to follow this plan they would give themselves the best possible chance of overcoming the controllable factors, and achieving a 1st class degree. As demonstrated, the uncontrollable factors have a significant role to play in the outcome, but given the actual amount of work required to achieve the grade, any student that has met university entry requirements should be able to achieve it. Part 3: Produce and present a PowerPoint presentation summarising the above analysis. (20 marks) (See separate Document) Bibliography Aurifeille, J.-M. (1995) Determination of the dominant means-end chains: constrained clustering approach. International Journal of Research in Marketing 12 (3) pp. 267-278. Gutman, J (1982) A means-end chain model based on consumer categorization processes. Journal of Marketing 46 pp. 60-72. Klein, G (1998) Sources Of Power: How People Make Decisions. The MIT Press. Walker, B. A. (1991) Means-end chains: Connecting products with self. Journal of Business Research 22 pp. 111-119. Woodside, A (2005) Market-Driven Thinking: Achieving Contextual Intelligence. Butterworth-Heinemann.

George Eastman and the Kodak Camera

Project Proposal for E-Commerce Site - 4703 Words

Abstract Ecommerce provides customers with the convenience to buy the products they need instantly from the convenience of their offices, homes and anywhere provided they can access a computer connected to the internet. Business competitive edge improves because they can trade on the global market place. It also gives businesses recurring revenues based on recommending products to customers, through goods previously brought by customers. This is what is called up selling and cross selling. However not all ecommerce solutions improve the experience customers wish to have while shopping online. Research shows that nearly 47% drop out when they get to the checkout due to various reasons as will be highlighted later on. The main aim of this†¦show more content†¦In 1994 there were several advancements that took place such as online banking offered by Stanford Federal Credit Union to all its members and the online Pizza Shop by Pizza Hut. In the same year, Netscape introduced SSL encryption of data transmitted online, which has become essential for secure online shopping. This was the renaissance of new ways of doing business as a result developments in computing and information sharing through the World Wide Web. Some of the new ways of doing business that emerged were E-banking, E-commerce E-marketing among many others. The kind of information a site uses to do its core business operations depends critically on what the site does e.g. a site that does promotions and advertising do not require robust security features as an online banking system that has to be secure from the users browser to the network and lastly the server. Suffice to say this security mechanisms need to be implemented both physically and logically. On the other hand an Ecommerce site requires medium security that is much stronger than that for advertising but less strong compared to E-banking. I must over emphasize security because it is enhances client trust which is one of the fundamental ways of improving the online shopping experience. According to Wikipedia online shopping online shopping is a form of electronic commerce whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from aShow MoreRelatedProject Management and Business1537 Words   |  7 PagesExperience Benchmarking / Best Practice / Template Files / ïÆ'” SAMPLE: E-commerce RFP E-commerce Platform and Third-Party Logistics Guidance Notes, Checklist and Templates Sample only, please download the full report from: http://econsultancy.com/reports/e-commerce-request-for-proposal-rfp E-commerce RFP Sample only, please download the full repo rt from: http://econsultancy.com/reports/e-commerce-request-for-proposal-rfp Published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publicationRead MoreE Commerce : A Type Of Business1328 Words   |  6 PagesE-COMMERCE INTRODUCTION: Electronic Commerce, usually addressed as E-commerce can be described as a type of business used for commercial transactions which involves transfer of information across the internet. It helps people in electronically exchanging goods and services with ease as there is no time or distance barrier. Types of E-commerce: (i) Business to Business (B2B): Firms directly deal with each other, (i.e.,) manufactures sell their goods to Distributers. Here, the pricing will varyRead MoreUsing The Latest Trends Of Business Processes1142 Words   |  5 Pagesremote location. After attending the Chamber of Commerce meeting, Matt suggested undergoing a project to build a website for their supermarket in order to boost their sales as well as to make their business more competitive. 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Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Quotations

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe  (1749–1832) was a prolific German poet and writer. Within his body of work are many quotes (zitate, in German) that are now famous bits of wisdom passed down through the generations. A number of these have also influenced other popular musings and sage advice. Among Goethes best-known lines are those below. Many come from published books of the poets work while a few are from personal correspondence. Here, we will explore them in both their original German as well as the English translations. One of the Best-Known Goethe Quotes Man sieht nur das, was man weiß. English Translation:  You only see what you know. Goethe From"Die Wahlverwandtschaften" Die Wahlverwandtschaften (Elective Affinities) was Goethes third novel published in 1809. Glà ¼cklicherweise kann der Mensch nur einen gewissen Grad des Unglà ¼cks fassen; was darà ¼ber hinausgeht, vernichtet ihn oder là ¤ÃƒÅ¸t ihn gleichgà ¼ltig. English Translation: Fortunately, people can comprehend only a certain degree of misfortune; anything beyond that either destroys them or leaves them indifferent. Goethe From "Maximen und Reflexionen" Maximen und Reflexionen (Maxims and Reflections) is a collection of Goethes writings published posthumously in 1833. Der Alte verliert eines der grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸ten Menschenrechte: er wird nicht mehr von seines Gleichen beurteilt. English Translation: An old man loses one of the most important rights of man: he is no longer judged by his peers. Es ist nichts schrecklicher als eine tà ¤tige Unwissenheit. English Translation: Theres nothing worse than ignorance in action. Goethe to Eckermann, 1830 Goethe and fellow poet Johann Peter Eckermann regularly corresponded with one another. This comes from a 1830 letter to Eckermann. Napoleon gibt uns ein Beispiel, wie gefà ¤hrlich es sei, sich ins Absolute zu erheben und alles der Ausfà ¼hrung einer Idee zu opfern. English Translation: Napoleon provides us an example of how dangerous it is to be elevated to the absolute and to sacrifice everything to implement an idea. Goethe From "Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre" Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre (Wilhelm Meisters Journeyman Years) is the third in a series of books written by Goethe. It was first published in 1821, then revised and republished in 1829. Unter allem Diebesgesindel sind die Narren die schlimmsten. Sie rauben euch beides, Zeit und Stimmung. English Translation: Of all the thieving riff-raff, fools are the worst. They steal both your time and your good mood. Das Leben gehà ¶rt den Lebenden an, und wer lebt, muss auf Wechsel gefasst sein. English Translation: Life belongs to the living, and those who live must be prepared for change. Es gibt keine patriotische Kunst und keine patriotische Wissenschaft. Beide gehà ¶ren, wie alles hohe Gute, der ganzen Welt an... English Translation: There is no patriotic art and no patriotic science. Both belong, like all high good, to the whole world... Goethe From"Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre" Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship) is the second volume in Goethes famous series, published in 1795. Alles, was uns begegnet, là ¤ÃƒÅ¸t Spuren zurà ¼ck. Alles trà ¤gt unmerklich zu unserer Bildung bei. English Translation: Everything we encounter leaves traces behind. Everything contributes imperceptibly to our education. Die beste Bildung findet ein gescheiter Mensch auf Reisen. English Translation: The best education for a clever person is found in travel. Goethe From "Sprichwà ¶rtlich" The following are small excerpts from Goethes poem Sprichwà ¶rtlich (Proverbial). Zwischen heut und morgenliegt eine lange Frist.Lerne schnell besorgen,Da du noch munter bist. English Translation: Between today and tomorrowlies a long time.Learn quickly to take care of thingswhile youre still fit. Tu nur das Rechte in deinen Sachen;Das andre wird sich von selber machen. English Translation: Just do the right thing in your affairs;The rest will take care of itself. Goethe From "Reineke Fuchs" Reineke Fuchs is a 12-song epic written by Goethe in 1793. Besser laufen, als faulen. English Translation: Better to run than to rot. Goethe From "Hermann und Dorothea" Hermann and Dorothea is one of Goethes epic poems published in 1796. Wer nicht vorwà ¤rts geht, der kommt zurà ¼cke. English Translation: If youre not going forward, youre going backward. Goethe From "Faust I (Vorspiel auf dem Theater)" Faust I is a collection of Goethes work and when combined with Faust II, the two span 60 years of the poets artistic writings. Vorspiel auf dem Theater (Prelude on the Theater) is one poem examining the conflicts of drama and theater. Was glà ¤nzt, ist fà ¼r den Augenblick geboren,Das Echte bleibt der Nachwelt unverloren. English Translation: That which glitters is born for the moment;The genuine remains intact for future days.

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley - 739 Words

Concentrating on imagination and refusing to connect with modern life is a well-known trend that individuals support. Romanticism, which started in the late 1700s, is a literary movement where people focus on thoughts and emotions instead of logic and reasoning. The virtuoso community would find the movement positive because it drives people into improving their relationship with nature better and visualizing their own fantasy world. The Romantic era is very popular in European countries and also considers learning more about of individual life, society, and the interconnections of humanity, nature, and divinity (â€Å"Romanticism 1†). English Romanticism being trendy in Europe, people would vent their outlooks onto their personal fiction works such as Mary Shelley. Shelley uses vivid creativity and romantic elements to create one of her admired novels, Frankenstein. In Shelley’s novel, Frankenstein, most of the characters prove their compassion for mankind, prove their rejection of technology and science, and prove their involvement in a romantic quest. These several characteristics will show that characters in the novel gains friendships for being kindhearted, finds opportunities to explore the world, but also becomes alarmed when science and technology is more superior after learning about new forbidden knowledge. First, characters show compassion for mankind in many chapters. Henry Clerval, who is Victor Frankenstein’s childhood friend, takes care of an illShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1650 Words   |  7 Pagesbook of Frankenstein does one just think of a mythical science fiction book that really has no meaning? Frankenstein can have numerous meanings depending on how a person perceives it. Frankenstein can be analyzed into many themes; some say religion, feminism, or scientific symbolization, it all depends on ones own perception. When one analyzes further into Mary Shelly’s life and then interprets the novel it is obvious that is a sociological theme. One can simply assume that Mary Shelley creates FrankensteinRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1093 Words   |  4 Pagesfaster than man can contend with. That argument is the premises, moral, and plot base for Mary Shelleys tale Frankenstein. On the other hand, J. Michael Bishops, essay Enemies of Promise   on the other hand promotes and boast sciences achievements. However, Mary Shelley presents her point of view subtly yet very dramatically, which is much more effective than that of J. Michael Bishop. The dramatic story Shelley creates becomes a part of the reader, therefore holding the readers attention. ShelleysRead MoreMary Shelley Frankenstein859 Words   |  4 Pages Mary Shelley The Creature in Mary Shelley’s â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† needs a companionship as every ordinary human. Every man needs a woman, who will able to share moments of happiness and sadness, a woman who will be able to share thoughts and of course a woman who will be able to love a man. In this case the Creature needs a bride. But the problem is that the Creature from the â€Å"Frankenstein or the Modern Prometheus† is not a human. SoRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1138 Words   |  5 PagesIs Frankenstein a man, whose ambition led to a disaster; or a monster, which created a life with disregard for the human race? Frankenstein, in my opinion, was the monster not the life that he had created. Frankenstein never admitted to his family what he had done, never admitted responsibility for his actions. He might as well have killed Elizabeth, William, Justine, and Clerval with his own hand. The so called â€Å"Monster† only wanted companionship; he did not want to murder those people. TheRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1325 Words   |  6 PagesI have been informed that you are pushing to remove the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley from the school curriculum. I’ve decided to write to you and explain why I believe that you are misinformed, and in fact, why this is a huge importance to the students of today. Frankenstein is a classic which recounts the life and horrors of Victor Frankenstein, as told through a series of letters and narrations. His obsession with the natural world and science brings him to a state of mind which ultimatelyRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1580 Words   |  7 PagesFrankenstein by Mary Shelley is a sci-fi novel written during the Romantic Movement in Britain’s early nineteenth century. The movement was stimulated by the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution and in reaction against the emphasis on reason in eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy (The Romantic Movement, 2014 ). Mary Shelley’s husband, Percy Shelley was also a romantic poet during the movement. Shelley’s novel is evidently influenced by her relationship with her husband, which is illustratedRead MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1040 Words   |  5 Pages In 1818, a book titled Frankenstein was published anonymously, mysteriously dedicated to William Godwin, a prominent journalist and political philosopher of his time. The immediate reviews of the novel were mixed, most edging towards critical, although no one knew who the book was written by. However, while Frankenstein failed to gain popularity immediately, no one had any idea the lasting impact this novel would have on the world. Despite the lukewarm reception at its debut, it soon proved to beRead MoreFrankenstein, by Mary Shelley1078 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein has undoubtedly withstood the test of time. Frankenstein’s direct association with fundamental Gothic literature is extremel y renowned. However, the novel’s originality is derived from the foundational thematic values found within the relationship (or lack there of) between Victor Frankenstein and the monster he had created, in combination with a fascinatingly captivating plot. Understandably, Frankenstein can often be associated with a multitude of concepts; however,Read MoreFrankenstein, By Mary Shelley1532 Words   |  7 PagesLike any author, especially one who created a new genre, there will be criticism, and Shelley is no exception. Shelley received criticism surrounding Frankenstein not only because she was a female writer, but because of her writing style. Originally, Frankenstein was published anonymously and was thought that her husband, Percy Shelley, wrote it (â€Å"Mary Shelley Biography† 2016). Shelley may have published Frankenstein anonymously because â€Å"’women understood that they got a â€Å"better hearing† if it was thoughtRead MoreFrankenstein by Mary Shelley1223 Words   |  5 Pagesto have multiple narrators telling a story? In Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, three main narrators tell the story about the creation of a monster and the events that follow. The job of narrator shifts between Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and the monster that Victor creates. As each narrator shares his own recollection of the events that occurred, new facts are introduced to put the pieces of the puzzle together. Although Frankenstein uses multiple narrators to tell the story, it

A review of McGregors X and Y Free Essays

string(35) " on how the Job needed to be done\." Theory X worker works with a Theory Y worker or a Theory X worker works with a theory Y manager (vise versa) will one of them have an effect on the other, or will things stay the same? Introduction God created everything naturally In this world to work. God asked Adam to mend his garden, asked Noah to build the ark; he created animals to be hunters and gatherers as there Job to survive in this world. Thousands of years later it is still a very natural thing for people to work. We will write a custom essay sample on A review of McGregors X and Y or any similar topic only for you Order Now Humans still naturally wake with the full intent to apply their life to something. It does not have to be the average monotonous daily, but work o humans Is as natural as flying Is to a bird. However, having the natural ability to work does not mean that there are not lazy or hard working people; there are two distinctive types of workers, an â€Å"X† worker and a worker. An â€Å"X† worker is typically a lazy worker, one who dislikes work and will do anything to avoid any obligations or duties. â€Å"X† workers also must be controlled, and given direction in order for them to achieve a performance goal for the day. A Y worker is typically self-directed, they learn to seek and accept responsibility, and have high potential for the work force; though both are still Intended to work. There are also two different types of productivity is essential and getting the most work or productivity out of the day. Style is the participative style. Employees will do the work they have to do with out being told what to do and when to do it. The two theories test the performance experience of employees. If Theory â€Å"X† is represented by worker â€Å"A† who is a bad worker, always late to work, and does an unacceptable work, one can naturally assume that they hate their Job situation or are lazy. If Theory is represented by worker â€Å"B† who is a better worker, never has to be told what to do, shows up on time ND does an outstanding Job around the office, then one can assume that they love their work and would be willing to do anything for their place of business, but if a theory Y manager (vise versa), will one of them have an effect on the other, or will things stay the same? Not everybody is influenced by someone, although people will do what they want considering, human nature is to follow by example almost like a monkey see monkey do. Literature Review In the sass’s, Theorist Douglas, McGregor examined theories to study performance of individual’s interactions and work style between workers at the work place. He designed it with the idea that a workers performance technique is based on motivation and social behavior. â€Å"McGregor Theory X and Theory Y were the foundation of the â€Å"Human Side of Enterprise† (Cunningham). Theory X is based on three core assumptions. â€Å"One, The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if at all possible, Two, Because of this human characteristic of dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, and threatened with punishment to get them to put forth adequate effort toward the achievement of equines objectives versus Just personal objectives, and three, the average person prefers to directed, wishes to avoid responsibility, has relatively little ambition and wants security above all else (Cunningham). According to Organization Theory: However, in situations where it is possible to obtain commitment to objectives, it is better to explain the matter fully so that employees grasp the purpose of an action. They will then exert self-direction and manage to do better work – quite possibly by better than if they had only been carrying out and order, which they did not fully, understand. Once control becomes persuaded that it is underestimating the potential of its human resources, and accepts the knowledge given by social science researchers and displayed by Theory Y assumptions, then it can invest time, money and effort in developing improved applications of the theory. McGregor realizes that some of the theories he has put forward are unrealizable in practice, but wants managers to put into operations the basic assumption that staff will contribute more to the organization if they are treated as responsible and valued employees (McGregor). McGregor believed Theory X individuals wanted to learn that work was a very natural thing, despite their lazy perspective they wanted to improve self-discipline and self- growth. McGregor believed Theory X employees saw their work as the freedom to try and do tough and challenging work by themselves. The manager’s Job was to try and unite the workers and make them strive for self-development in the business and Theory Y was difficult to enforce in a factory setting or in big warehouse areas. Patricia Travis said, â€Å"Theory Y according to McGregor was conducive to participative problem solving. He believed it was better to describe in full the task or topic at hand so that employees grasped the purpose†(Travis). Theory Y employees would show self-direction and self-control and honestly wanted to do better work and would do better work if they were to do a Job that they understood completely compared to a Job they did not fully understand. Managers found that the participative approach to problem solving showed much better results over the authoritarian order of controlling their employees and constantly nagging them. According to James Nellie who wrote in the Journal of Social Behavior and Personality â€Å"Theory X and Theory Y workers did not differ in their perception of the scenarios. However, additional analysis revealed that Theory X and Theory Y workers differed significantly in their perceptions of the effectiveness of the unethical behaviors portrayed in some of the scenarios† (301-311). The workers would understand the idea of the Job that was needed to be done but would not fully follow through one hundred percent on how the Job needed to be done. You read "A review of McGregors X and Y" in category "Papers" Sometimes it all just depends on how the manger relays the message to the worker and how the worker perceives it. Theory X and Theory Y style management have been a great practice to develop positive management styles and techniques. In the earlier years especially in the first few decades of the 20th century Theory X was dominating the business world and was the lead style to the mechanistic system of scientific management. Tim Handle wrote in the â€Å"Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus† that, â€Å"Theory X is an authoritarian style where the emphasis is on â€Å"productivity, on the concept of a fair days work, on the evils of feather-bedding and restriction of output, on rewards for performance (2003). Several managers are persuaded by the Theory X style but usually receives negative effects. McGregor questioned that management style and decision-making depended on which type of theory worked on their team. McGregor calls the management X theory the â€Å"stick and carrot† method of management. Managers would have to â€Å"police† their staff, and the workers would need to be pressured, scared and disciplined. This created a very frustrating and dark work environment for the managers and the workers. Theory Y assumes that people will exercise self-direction and self-control and will do everything on their own and will finish a Job with out being bribed or threatened. According to Business Destination Theory Y states â€Å"employees actually become more productive when more trust and responsibility is delegated to them† (2012). Y workers want to work, they want to be productive, and the act of accomplishing work and doing it well is a motivator. Y managers go with the flow and Just allow the workers to work. The Y theory stance is in a unique position; it has heightened awareness of management responsibilities for employer-employee relationships. McGregor urged many companies to try and use the Theory Y design or adopt it. McGregor believed it could titivated human beings and bring out their highest potential and help them achieve bigger goals. Theory X only satisfied a large number of the lower level needs and was nowhere near as productive. As stated before, Theory X expresses distrust in employees who are only working for money, or who try to get away by doing as little paycheck and you most certainly can not always be looking over the shoulder of the employees to make sure they are doing there Job correctly. Theory Y employees are almost the dream employee for a manager. Theory Y employees want to work towards a common goal, and they are able to organize themselves. As a manager those are the workers that you want, the one’s that you do not have to baby sit. These studies have shown that there is not one perfect approach to managing a X or Y worker. But from the research one can decide â€Å"the best method all depends on the nature of the work to be done† (Harvard Business Review). After significant research and collected data research has revealed that companies with highly expected tasks will perform better with dignified procedures. With uncertain tasks that require much brain use and problem solving, businesses that are not as organized and do to put a great deal of emphasize on self-discipline and self worth struggle to get the job done. But over all, it all depends on the development of the company and the business that fits the nature of the Job that needs to be done. A worker’s performance can be dependent on a worker’s environment or surroundings. A Theory X worker will apply themselves a fraction more and work a little harder if they are in the right conditions of hard working individuals. (Vise Versa) for the Y worker. If a Y worker is in an atmosphere of sluggish, not really wanting to work people they can potentially follow in those footprints. It is human nature to follow by example. This is why leadership is necessary. Leadership needs to take a stand to help fix and figure out problems a team may have. If a manager has three X workers and eight Y workers then the manager knowing that there is an impact on one worker from another should find a way to intermingle the works to keep them on and track hard working. If the X worker, works with the Y worker long enough eventually there should be some improvements. And of course this goes the other way as well, but a company wants the best results not the worst. So a company should not have their best errors, working with the worst workers. Methodology Twenty Graduate Level students enrolled in a Organizational Behavior class at a Liberal Arts University participating in two fifteen question surveys. Most of the students are from a varied educational background but all had at least a Bachelors degree, and all understood the theory being tested. The first of the two surveys was to indicate weather the situation and management style is the â€Å"X† or style and to find out how they would handle the situation. The second survey was to indicate whether the person prefers being managed by the â€Å"X† or style. Once figuring out who is an â€Å"X† and who is a the data will be analyzed and then each candidate will be separated into there respected category they belong to. Once the survey takers are separated into there respected category I will use these two surveys to try and prove if a Theory X worker works with a Theory Y worker or a Theory X worker works with a theory Y manager (or vise versa) will one of them have an effect on the other, or will things stay the same? I will look at all of the results and see if their answers lead towards them being affected by the other work or not. The information will be seed to see if they need a little extra push from the people around them or if they can handle most tasks with out having to be nagged and rode the whole time by a boss or someone one on the management team. In analyzing all of the surveys and calculating all of the results several re-occurring themes surfaced and proved many things to be true. In the event of trying to prove if a person was an X or Y worker seventy five percent of the survey takers said that they were Y workers. This is something that was assumed from a graduate level class at a prestigious university; one can figure that most, if not all, would be self-disciplined, ND hard working individuals. Of the 20 survey takers only twenty five percent were considered X workers. Of the twenty people surveyed on whether or not they preferred the X or Y management style not a single individual preferred the X management style, including the X style workers. The results showed a large number of different results as expected, but the results were about what one would expect. But with these results my hypothesis was unanswered. Of the twenty people that were surveyed five of them were X style workers and 1 5 of them were Y style workers. Of the twenty people that were surveyed, all of them preferred the Y style management. After reviewing the surveys and the most prominent themes were established the tasks of understanding the monkey see monkey do attitude between X and Y workers and X and Y managers was unclear. The surveys, although showing who were X and Y worker showed that the X workers preferred the Y style management. This shows that a person who needs a little push or a little more observation on the work floor can potentially learn or adapt better with a Y style manager. But at the same time the survey showed that even a Y style worker if paired with a X style manager or a X style worker can forget their Y style ways. It all Just depends on the individual person and there work style. With a better population of people taking the survey more facts and findings can be found, but with my test subjects and the surveys that they took these are the results found and help support my theory. Discussion McGregor believed that, workers wanted to work and that they would act like mature adults, and actually wanted to do what was best for the company. McGregor also believed that if management with a intended instructions explained things intended, the worker would do what was necessary, and likely, employees would collaborate without being intimidated. McGregor knew that many of his suggestions would be really hard to adapt to, maybe even near impossible to apply to the work place, but McGregor believed that when people, or staff, or any type of worker is treated with respect and treated like a worker rather than a trained monkey that the workers would give more and work harder and give as close to one hundred percent as they could. Limitations One limitation to this study could be that only small portions of people surveyed and, with the majority of these people being in their early twenties could these individuals have enough life experience and work experience to know exactly how to answer the questions. If the survey had encompassed a broader range of the American population, the results may have been different. Since Management Theory X is an older style maybe the older generation or the baby boomer generation may prefer that form of management a little more. Also with the older generation most where Generation Y is considered a little more lazy and not as self motivated. Generation Y may prefer the Y style management but is actually an X style worker. Another limitation to this study is the selection of survey participants. The survey participants were not selected randomly but used because they could immediately o the survey. The survey takers may have had previous knowledge of the theory, which could have effect the outcome. If the survey population had been selected randomly, there would have been a number of people surveyed who were not educated on the theory or not aware of the concepts. Knowledge of the concepts may have survey the takers to answer a certain way therefore creating different results. Despite these possible limitations, the results still stand and have many applications to practice and research and were still used to find answers Conclusion Though Theory X and Theory Y are basic and easy to understand, they provide a path or the future theorist and other people that want to study the nature of how people work and understand the changing world of human behavior with large amounts of information and research. The Theory was easy to study and understand, and it also allowed data collection to be Just as simple. From the above data, and of the students surveyed they preferred the Y work style but all had a preference towards Theory Y than Theory X management style. Even though the data shows one thing it may not technically have a significant, positive relationship between the overall outcomes or hat there is even a monkey see monkey do attitude. Therefore, the hypothesis of this research paper is not confirmed. How to cite A review of McGregors X and Y, Papers

Common Levels of Data Measurement free essay sample

Four common levels of data measurement follow. †¢Nominal Level. The lowest level of data measurement is the nominal level. Numbers representing nominal level data (the word level often is omitted) can be used only to classify or categorize. Employee identification numbers are an example of nominal data. The numbers are used only to differentiate employees and not to make a value statement about them. Many demographic questions in surveys result in data that are nominal because the questions are used for classification only. Some other types of variables that often produce nominal-level data are sex, religion, ethnicity, geographic location, and place of birth. Social Security numbers, telephone numbers, employee ID numbers, and ZIP code numbers are further examples of nominal data. Statistical techniques that are appropriate for analyzing nominal data are limited. However, some of the more widely used statistics, such as the chi-square statistic, can be applied to nominal data, often producing useful information. We will write a custom essay sample on Common Levels of Data Measurement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ordinal-level data measurement is higher than the nominal level. In addition to the nominal level capabilities, ordinal-level measurement can be used to rank or order objects. †¢Interval-level data measurement is the next to the highest level of data in which the distances between consecutive numbers have meaning and the data are always numerical. The distances represented by the differences between consecutive numbers are equal; that is, interval data have equal intervals. An example of interval measurement is Fahrenheit temperature. With Fahrenheit temperature numbers, the temperatures can be ranked, and the amounts of heat between consecutive readings, such as 200, 210, and 220, are the same. In addition, with interval-level data, the zero point is a matter of convention or convenience and not a natural or fixed zero point. Zero is just another point on the scale and does not mean the absence of the phenomenon. For example, zero degrees Fahrenheit are not the lowest possible temperature. Some other examples of interval level data are the percentage change in employment, the percentage return on a stock, and the dollar change in stock price. †¢Ratio-level data measurement is the highest level of data measurement. Ratio data have the same properties as interval data, but ratio data have an absolute zero, and the ratio of two numbers is meaningful. The notion of absolute zero means that zero is fixed, and the zero value in the data represents the absence of the characteristic being studied. The value of zero cannot be arbitrarily assigned because it represents a fixed point. This definition enables the statistician to create ratios with the data. Examples of ratio data are height, weight, time, volume, and Kelvin temperature. With ratio data, a researcher can state that 180 pounds of weight is twice as much as 90 pounds or, in other words, make a ratio of 180:90. Many of the data gathered by machines in industry are ratio data. Reference link : http://classof1. com/homework-help/statistics-homework-help