The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 1760 Words

In Isaiah 30:15 it says, â€Å"This is what the Sovereign Lord, the Holy One of Israel, says: â€Å"In repentance and rest is your salvation, in quietness and trust is your strength, but you would have none of it.† Hester would have none of it. Hester never repented for committing adultery with Dimmesdale, even after Dimmesdale repented for his sins. Therefore, she never had the salvation that was offered by the Lord. The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, who is well known for his other works such as, The House of Seven Gables and, Young Goodman Brown. He was also a Romantic and an Anti-Transcendentalist. The Scarlet Letter is about a woman named Hester Prynne, who is living in Boston during the 1640’s. She is publicly shamed in front†¦show more content†¦Hester’s repentance is one of the main questions the reader is left with at the end of The Scarlet Letter. Hester never repented for her sins. Hester saw DImmesdale repent for his sins bu t, she didn’t repent for her own. Hester was never allowed the opportunity to repent for sins in the stuffy Puritan community. She also believed that moral difficulties in a situation weren’t resolved by repentance, and instead, they were resolved by moving somewhere else or by a new description of oneself. Hester is also only a human being and not God, so, therefore, she isn’t perfect. Hester was never allowed to repent for her sins in the stuffy Puritan community. (The Atlantic) The Puritans have roots going back to the 1530’s when King Henry of England split from the church of Rome and started the Church of England. (History.com) Then in 1620’s, after much persecution, many Puritans decided to sail to the New World. The most famous group is the Pilgrims that settled Plymouth in 1620. The Puritans began to migrate to the New World,being commonly made up of families. They set up small towns on the East coast of the New World, one of those towns was Boston. Boston, 1640, is where The Scarlet Letter begins. Hester is being publicly shamed in front of everyone on the scaffold in the town square with her baby, Pearl. Hester is to stand in front of the leaders of the town and

Project Report on Bamboo Free Essays

Chapter-1 PREFACE A growth oriented Entrepreneur will always be in search of opportunities, which can generate income, enhance long-term value and command recognition and respect in the society. Looking at the present upbeat atmosphere in the NE Region for development of industry, thrust by Government of India for the development of environment friendly alternate resources and last but not the least, the spectacular progress made by China in the bamboo based industry – The KOTHARI group has decided to put up a unit in Guwahati to manufacture Bamboo Flooring, Board related products. During the exploratory phase, we reviewed reports journals published by forest department / NGOs on Bamboo resource in NE Region, visited discussed with the Bamboo growers, met with machinery manufacturers in India abroad, attended seminars, studied market for flooring and its development potential, consulted technocrats from India and abroad about the possibility of making flooring in India using India Bamboo. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Report on Bamboo or any similar topic only for you Order Now We received encouraging response and could feel the potential. Now we are determined to put up project and this report provides details on various aspects of the same. Chapter-II PROJECT AT A GLANCE PRODUCT : Bamboo Flooring Bamboo Panel Boards. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: Bamboo flooring/board is the newest and most revolutionary products in the flooring and interior decoration concept. The unique Bamboo grain provides an exotic oriental beauty to the interior of any room, and the high quality of Bamboo compared to wood guarantees a lifetime of enjoyment. Bamboo Flooring and Bamboo Board is also the most environment friendly construction material available. Although Bamboo looks and behaves like a superior hardwood, it is actual a grass. Unlike wood forests, which take decades to regenerate, the Bamboo groves only take a few years to renew themselves. As consumer (especially in developed markets such as North America, Europe and Japan) become increasingly environment conscious, this has become a strong marketing aspect of Bamboo products. Bamboo’s natural versatility is suitable to a variety of environments. The finished product is all-around coated and protected against insects and fungus. It is suitable for all residential and commercial installations- in bedrooms, living room, kitchens, offices, schools and hospitals. PRODUCT FEATURES : Bamboo Flooring Boards are made from 100% renewable resource, which saves precious timbers. Apart from this, it has so many salient features- Incredible tensile strength. Light weight . Excellent appearance. Harder and more stable than wood. Easy to install. Creates friendly atmosphere for Asthma Allergy patients. Excellent insulator of heat/cold. Environment friendliness Water- resistant. Numerous uses. MARKET POTENTIAL : The demand for Bamboo Flooring Bamboo Panels are expending from South- East Asian Countries to European and American markets. The international market for bamboo flooring is estimated at Rs. 750 cores and it is expending at a rate of 50% p. a. Current trends in the interior decoration industry are ‘back to nature’ i. e. away from synthetics and towards more natural products such as wood / bamboo. Due to health reasons, wood/ bamboo floors are taking away the market share from carpets (bamboo floors are hypo-allergenic and as a consequence, do not suffer from dust mite infection like other floor coverings. In addition, wood sources are becoming increasingly depleted and the consumer is becoming environmentally conscious, the market for bamboo products has increased exponentially- for flooring, paneling, and a variety of products limited only by the imagination such as doors, frames, table tops, gift items, photo frames etc. Market response to Bamboo flooring is more than encouraging particularly for its look, strength and high-class protective coating. With support from international agencies an d technical experts we are very optimistic about achieving quality standards. INDIAN SCENARIO: With booming construction activities, scope for interior decoration activities has increased substantially. Of late, growth in use of marble and granite is reducing as Interior decoration industry always looks for new products. There have been imports of wooden and laminated floors but prohibitive duties and resultant landed price is restricting growth of such alternative products. In the domestic market, the size of the organized flooring market has been estimated at Rs. 1500 crores for all type of flooring. As the supply creates its own demand nd if the Bamboo flooring can capture even 6-7 % of the market for flooring, it will mean a market of Rs. 100 Crores to being with and it is likely to grow at a rate of at least 15% per annum. Source: INBAR Report Our initial market survey has given has us all the reasons to be excited about huge potential not only for flooring but also for wall panels where there is absolutely no new product since last decade. Moreover, a p roduct made in India will have better acceptability to larger cross section of price sensitive India consumers. PROPOSED CAPACITY : Bamboo Flooring / Panel 60000 Mtr2 / p. a. LOCATION : Export Promotion Industrial Park, Guwahati. CAPACITY UTILISATION : 1st Year 70% p. a. 2nd Year 80% p. a. 3rd year onwards 90% p. a. COST OF PROJECT : (Estimated) (Rs. n Lakhs) (a) Land Development 19. 68 (b) Building 51. 76 (c) Plant Machinery 245. 52 (d) Misc. Fixed Assets 57. 10 (e) Preliminary Expense 0. 0 (f) Preoperative Expenses 49. 29 (g)Technical Know how training 15. 91 (h) Margin for Working Capital 26. 07 (i) Contingencies 24. 81 MEANS OF FINANCE Contribution by the Promoters: Equity by promoters 97. 3 Grant from NEC 50. 00 Contribution by the Funding Agencies: (i) Technology Development Assistance from TIFAC 245. 00 (ii) Term Loan by Institution 98. 31 490. 44 Guarantee: Apart from above, Guarantee in favour of Government of India to the tune of Rs. 0 Lacs for import of machines under EPCG Scheme at concessional Customs duty. Subsidies and other incentives of capital nature have not been consid ered while deciding means of finance. The same can be directly reimbursed of loan. PROFITABILITY The profitability projections are as follows: [III year / normal year of operation] (Rs. in Lakhs) Sales Proceeds 494. 0 Cost of Sales 338. 18 Gross Profit Before financial expenses 155. 92 Financial Expenses 34. 59 Depreciation 28. 53 Operating Profit 92. 0 Profit After Tax 91. 18 Note: Incentives such as transport subsidy etc. have not been considered in the cost of production. The same can be directly reimbursed (as and when due) to the lending institutions as per-payment of loans. This will improve working of the company substantially. Chapter –III INTRODUCTION Flooring plays a vital role in the total appearance of any house /shop / building, whereas, very little emphasis was given in improvement and innovation of flooring material in India. Since last few years the awareness about the importance of flooring has increased amongst Indian consumers and now there is a visible shift from conventional cemented or mosaic flooring to Granite, Marble, Italian Marble, and Glazed Ceramic Tiles etc. for many advantages over traditional flooring. Of late, due to ease in import, demand for wooden flooring and laminated flooring is also increasing. Since most of these products are imported hence higher cost and we are sure environmental awareness will always keep Bamboo flooring ahead of wooden flooring. There is huge market potential of Bamboo Flooring and Boards in India as well as abroad. As per the ‘Country Report India’ prepared by International Network for Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR) on Bamboo Value-added industry, size of the domestic organized flooring market has been estimated at Rs. 1500 Crore for all types of premium flooring. Architects are of the opinion that since supply creates its own demand, it would be possible for Bamboo Flooring to capture 6-7 % of the market. This will result in a domestic market size of Rs. 100 Crore to begin with. Growth of the industry is estimated at 15% in the Indian market. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRODUCT AND USES World over Wooden Flooring is considered to be more up market compared to cement, marble, tiles etc. It enhances the warmth of any house and complements the decor of room. However with scarce timber resources and increasing environmental awareness people are shifting towards Bamboo Flooring, which is equally attractive and technically better than Wooden Flooring. The natural grains of Bamboo show up clearly and look very attractive. It looks very unique, elegant, and serene. The flooring is resistant to moisture, pressure, and scratch. It is flexible and lasts longer than wood. It also acts as sound and heat insulator. Bamboo flooring/board is the newest and most revolutionary product in the flooring and interior decoration industries. The unique Bamboo grain provides an exotic oriental beauty to the interior of any room, and the high quality of Bamboo compared to wood guarantees a lifetime of enjoyment. Bamboo Flooring and bamboo board is also the most environmental friendly construction material available. Although Bamboo looks and behaves like a superior hardwood, Bamboo is actual grass-unlike wood forest, which take decades to regenerate, the Bamboo groves only take a few years to renew themselves. As consumers (especially in developed markets such as North America, Europe and Japan) have become increasingly environmentally conscious, this has become a strong marketing aspect of Bamboo. Bamboo’s natural versatility is suitable to a variety of environments. The finished product is all-around coated and protected against damp, insects, and fungus. It is suitable for all residential and commercial installations – in bedrooms, living rooms, offices, showrooms, hotels, restaurants, banquet halls, discotheques etc. Standard Bamboo flooring is manufactured as an all around tongue and groove board; a variety of sizes can be produced, the most popular being 900 mm X 90mm X 15mm, 600mm X 90mm X 15mm. Among the many possible lamination, the most common are protected with 3-layers of UV coating. COMPETING PRODUCTS Marble Granite Wooden Flooring Carpet PVC Flooring Ceramic Tiles Laminated Flooring ADVANTAGES OF BAMBOO FLOORING ) Bamboo is harder than various species of wood. It is 25% harder than oak, 23% harder than Rock Maple. So it is more stable. Tensile strength of Bamboo is 28000 psi, which is even more than steel. ii) Bamboo floors are hypoallergenic and as a consequence, do not suffer from dust mite infection like other floor coverings. It creates friendly atmosphere for Asthma Allergy patients. iii) It is an excellent in sulator. So in cold climate it helps by keeping the room temperature warm, and in air-conditioned atmosphere, it helps in power saving by maintaining room temperature. v) Bamboo flooring is U. V. Coated, which is very hard, scratch resistant, moisture resistant. v) It is easy to maintain. It can be easily cleaned with vacuum cleaner. vi) It has got excellent appearance. vii) It is lightweight and easy to install. viii) Bamboo flooring are impregnated with chemicals which makes it termite proof. ix) It is made from 100% renewable resource, which saves precious timber. So it is environment friendly too. THE LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES The proposed unit is to be set up in the Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Amingaon ,Guwahati. We have considered different factors while selecting the site and found that there are various advantages of putting up the unit in Guwahati. Some of them are as under- a) Availability of raw as material: Due to high volume and low weight, any Bamboo related production has to be near the source. Major raw material, Bamboo is abundantly available in and around Guwahati. Bamboo can be procured from farmers in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Agartalla and North Bengal. b) Availability of Skilled Manpower: The local people of Assam have gained natural skill of Bamboo craft. They understand bamboo vary well. For these reasons, it will be much easier to train a local person. c) Availability of Land: This unit requires a converted shed of 8000 sq. ft. and additional space for storage utility and for future expansion. AIDC has confirmed availability of required land at EPIP, Amingaon. d) Availability of Utilities: Power: Uninterrupted power supply is available to all the units set up in EPIP. This will be an advantageous situation. Water: Water is also easily available. Steam: Steam will be required for manufacturing of Bamboo Flooring, which is planned to be produced by putting up a coal-fired boiler. Good quality coal is available from Meghalaya at a very economical price. e) Availability of Transport: EPIP, Amingaon is located adjacent to Guwahati dry port. All the dispatches to overseas market can be booked from there itself. Moreover, Guwahati is well connected by rain and road links with other parts of the country hence; transportation of finished product raw material will have no difficulty at all. f) Subsidies Incentives: Government of India Governments of Assam is giving various incentives and concessions for the new unit put up in Assam such as Sales Tax exemption. Excise exemption, Income tax exemption, and various other subsidies. g) Infrastructure facility: Guwahati, the proposed location of the unit, is the capital city of Assam which has got all the required amenities such as schools, hotels, hospitals, colleges and other entertainment facilities. Chapter –IV RAW MATERIAL BAMBOO AN INTRODUCTION As the name suggest, the Bamboo Flooring are manufactured using Bamboo. Bamboo is an immensely useful and highly renewable natural resource. It has been used by people – most notable in Asia – since time immemorial, and its remarkable versatility as raw material is attested to in our day by a list of products which is as long as that of the 1,573 known bamboo species. From food, folder, fencing and fuel to flooring and furniture to flutes, fishing rods and even false teeth, bamboo products are used by an estimated 2. 5 billion people, or almost half of the world’s population. Although we in India are using Bamboo in various application but not much has been done for technical improvement of the manufacturing process of various products made by Bamboo. Comparatively a lot of research has been done in China to make better products. Value addition to Bamboo has been negligible in India. Bamboo, the world’s most useful plant, is a very large grass rather than a tree, yet has a timber-like quality when used as a construction material. It is the fastest growing plant in the world and certain species can reach heights of over 100 feet at rates of up to 5 centimeters per hour. It is harvested for commercial usage after three to five years. This botanical cousin to rich and corn has over 1,000 species of varying sized and characteristics makes it amazingly versatile it may be used for building whole houses, furniture, cases, baskets, screens, farm tools, fishing rods, windmill blades, boat building, record needles, paper, kites, blowguns, polish, diesel fuel, scales, food, medicine, chopsticks, incense sticks, musical instruments, blinds, concrete reinforcement, plastic reinforcement, scaffolding, cables, both substitutes, piping, bike frames, various other structures and a host of other durable, useful, crafted items. Bamboo is also used for brewing beer. An Edison light bulb in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D. C. has a bamboo filament, which is still capable of burning after more than a century. The bamboo cable-supported Min Bridge in Szechwan is over 1,000 years old. BAMBOO AND ITS USES China: In a remarkably short span of time, the bamboo sector in China has transformed technologically and structurally. The last decade has seen China emerge as a pioneer in bamboo utilization and a market leader offering a variety of new products and processing techniques. The latest development in China has been the usage of bamboo as a viable replacement for wood. Bamboo mat boards have been acknowledged as an excellent substitute for plywood. Rapid growth of the bamboo plywood industry has instilled a new vibrancy in the sector. Bamboo has also been used to substitute plastics, steel and cement in new application in construction of houses, and manufacturing of furniture and agricultural tools and implements with application of sophisticated design, knowledge and use of improved composite technologies. Bamboo has an important industrial role in paper pulp manufacturing in China. With a large and expending market, China is the world leader in bamboo shoot production and consumption. Growth of significant scale in China bamboo sector has been possible through coordinated research and its application, incentive regimes, provisioning of support services, changes in agro forestry practices, and the fostering of close linkages with markets. Other Southeast Asian Countries: In other Southeast countries, however, apart from Thailand, which now boasts of bamboo shoot export equivalent to that of China, there has been little or on progress. It is still only the rural poor who continue to be principal users of bamboo. In Bangladesh, 80-90 % of rural houses are constructed from bamboo, as are many rural dwellings in India. Philippines, Nepal and Thailand. South America: In South America, bamboo utilization is small compared to Asia, except in localized areas. A large bamboo specie – Guadua anaustifolia, has been used for a housing programme in Costa Rica through a large-scale internationally funded bamboo project. All Central American countries have shown interest in this project. South Africa: Bamboo is valued in Kenya for soil stabilization. It is used to some extent in construction and fuel. India: In India, the principal usage of bamboo is in the paper industry, as scaffolding in construction material or in the handicrafts sector. Among other uses, bamboo splits or wholes are used as a fencing material and for making various types of tool handles, ladders, and scaffolding. Splits as well as slivers types of tool handles, ladders, and scaffolding. Splits as well as slivers are used to make a wide range of products such as baskets, the core of incense-sticks, kites and toys, flutes and a large number of handicraft items. They are used to make cages for poultry, drying, packaging, and transport of grains. Bamboo slivers are woven into mats and used to manufacture mat boards. However there is very limited value addition that takes place on these products. Also, since there is no automation in the manufacturing process, the manually made products are often of non-standard sizes. The majority of these products are consumed and sold at the local market-level only. The bulk utilization of bamboo in industry is in the manufacture of paper pulp. The 13. 47 million tones of bamboo harvested annual gets utilized industrially in paper mills, as scaffolding in fencing, for internal consumption in bamboo-growing householders, handicrafts and miscellaneous items like incense-sticks, ladders, ice-cream sticks, agricultural implements etc. Again, no reliable estimates of quantities are available for any of these items. The estimate of consumption in each of the above categories is based on primary information and on an analysis of the industry size and growth rates. Paper: The total production of paper in India is 205 million tones. Paper industry experts have indicates that 25% of the raw material requirement of the industry is currently met through bamboo. Hence, the quantity of wet bamboo required for this is 2. 5 million tones (4 kg of wet bamboo is needed to produce 1 kg of paper. ) Internal Consumption: According to the survey among grower households in the NER, internal consumption for fencing, baskets, temporary structure, fishing rod etc. is 10% of the harvest. Of 13. 47 million tones, this translates to 1. 35 million tones approximately. Scaffolding: The value of scaffolding is 0. 1% to 0. 5% of the total value of the construction industry. The total value of the construction industry in India comprising the residential, commercial, industry and infrastructure segments is currently estimated as Rs. 292,000 crore. Assuming 0. 25% value of bamboo scaffolding in the residential and commercial segments and 0. % in industrial and infrastructure construction, the total value of bamboo used for scaffolding is Rs. 340 crore (for 3. 4 million tones-price of one tone of bamboo is Rs. 1000) Handicrafts: About 5. 9 million tones of bamboo is utilized in commercial consumption in the paper industry and for scaffolding purpose. Taking a ratio of 3. 2 for commercial to in ternal consumption and making of handicraft, etc. the figure arrived at is 3. 9 million tones. Of this, 1. 35 million tones are used for internal consumption, leaving a balance of 2. 55 million tones, which is used for handicraft. These include baskets for decorative as well as packaging purpose (for carrying fruits, vegetables and livestock, etc. ), sericulture trays, mats, wall coverings, and furniture items such as stool, chairs, tables etc. Miscellaneous: Bamboo is also used for incense-sticks, ice-cream sticks, toothpicks, chopsticks, agricultural props in field, implements and tools, ladders, lathis, walking-sticks, fishing rods, boat masts, bows and arrows, flag poles, paddles, kites, fire crackers, etc. Agrabatti (Incense-stick): About 1,000,000 million incense-sticks are produced annually. Since 1000 sticks weight 1 Kg, the weight of 1,000,000, million sticks is 1 million tones. The weight of bamboo in 1 million tones of incense-sticks amounts to 0. 33 million tones. To produce 1 Kg of bamboo sticks, for incense-sticks, 2 Kg of bamboo is needed. Thus 0. 67 million tones of bamboo is consumed by the incense-sticks industry. Ladder: The construction industry is currently valued at Rs. 292,000 crore, if 0. 02% is attributed to ladders used for construction the value of the ladder industry is in the reign of Rs. 58 crore which is equivalent to 0. 29 million tones of bamboo. As per Hindu custom, biers are used to carry the dead to the cremation ground. The death rate is currently 7. 8% which amounts to 7. 8 crore deaths per year. If bamboo biers are used in 5% of the cases, there would be a requirement of 400,000 bamboo annually, which is equivalent to 0. 08 million tones of bamboo (assuming 20 Kg bamboo per bier). The total bamboo consumed in ladder production is 0. 37 million tones. Other Application: Ice-cream sticks, chopsticks, toothpicks, agriculture props, implement and tool handles, walking sticks and lathis, boat masts and paddles as well as fishing rods, etc. onsume at least another 0. 93 million tones of bamboo annually. The total consumption of bamboo for miscellaneous purposes thus amounts to 1. 97 million tones. Illegal Exports: Of the total harvested quantity of 13. 47 million tones, 11. 77 million tones are used as described in the foregoing. The balance 1. 7 million tones could be attributed to the illegal trade between the NER and neigh boring countries (Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar). BAMBOO STOCK POSITION [1995 TO 2001] Experts suggest that 150 million tones of bamboo was available in the year 1995. There are limits to the regeneration of bamboo since it can be regenerated only to the extent of the harvesting that takes place. The growing stock of bamboo is 150 million tones, of which 2. 35 million tones harvested from private forest can be assumed to depleted every year from forest. The current net availability of bamboo is 133 million on as â€Å"as-is basis†. However, all of this is not in usable from. There are certain factors that have to be used to discount the quantity of available bamboo. CHARACTERISTIC OF BAMBOO CULMS Thickness of the culms: The culm of the bamboo is hollow in most cases and its wall thickness varies across species. Different species of bamboo have different wall thickness. A few species of bamboo, however, are solid. The general properties of the bamboo culm vary according to its anatomical, chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics Bamboo is particularly strong at the node where there is an inner disc called septum, which connects the outside walls, strengthening the stalk and separating it into compartments. Bamboo is widest at ground level, but is quite consistent in diameter throughout its length. Anatomical structure of the culms: The bamboo culm consists of two epidermal layers, the inner one is thicker and highly lignified while the outer one is covered by a cutinised layer with a wax coating. The outside portion of the culm wall is dense, containing about 5 percent silica. It has an exterior waterproof film on the softer interior portion as well. The cells in the culm are axially oriented in the inter-nodal region and provide transverse interconnections in the nodal region. There are no radial cell elements and therefore, lateral movements of nutrients or liquids is greatly hindered. The internodes of almost all bamboo species have a culm wall of varying thickness surrounding a large cavity called a lacuna. The density of bamboo varies from 500 to 800 Kg/m3, depending on the moisture content. It increases progressively from the central to the peripheral parts of the culms. Chemical characteristics of the culms: The culm are consists of about 50% parenchyma, 40% fibar and 10% conducting tissues with some variation depending upon species. The major chemical constituents of a bamboo culm are cellulose; hemi cellulose and lignin while minor constituents are resins, tannins, waxes and inorganic salts. The chemical composition various with species, condition of growth, age, season, and part of the culm. The nodes contain less water-soluble extractives, pentosans and lignin but more cellulose than internodes. The silica content is high in the epidermis, very little in the nodes and none in the internodes. The nodal portion of a clum has tower hemi hemi cellulose content, but a higher content of extractives, pentosans, lignin and ash than the inter nodal portion. As a result the node is not elastic enough for splitting or for making strips and matting. Bamboo culms for weaving are therefore chosen from species that are easy to split and are not old enough to be brittle (preferably below two years). Physical characteristics of the culm: One aspect of the structure of bamboo is noteworthy: unlink wood it does it does not have any â€Å"rays† (the dark spots on the surface). Rays transport and store food, mostly sugar, but they weaken the material. Consequently, bamboo is stronger than wood, especially in shear. The wall thickness and length of the bamboo makes it naturally durable. The basal portion is therefore more durable than the top. Bamboo possesses very high moisture content, which various with age and the season of felling. The moisture content also various from bottom to top and from the innermost layers to the periphery, and decreases with age. The shrinkage is related to wall thickness and culm diameter. Mechanical characteristics of culms: Bamboo is known for its high tensile strength. To reach its optimum strength there is an age of maturity for each species. In air-dry bamboos depending on the species, the moisture content various from 7 to 18%, specific gravity from 0. 428 to 0. 17, fiber stress at elastic limit from 16 to 120 N/mm2 modules of rapture from 33 to 160 N/mm2, modules of elasticity from 3 to 22kN/mm2 and compression strength parallel to grain from 26-78N/mm2. The Physiological Structure of Bamboo: The vegetative parts of a bamboo plant consist of roots, rhizome, culm, culm-sheaths, branches, and leaves. Roots: The profuse, fibrous roots from a dense network in the soil. Rhizome: The basal p ortion of the culm, which grows horizontally under the soil surface with short internodes, is called the rhizome. In its natural habitat, the bamboo plant grows from seeds or rhizomes. Unlink trees bamboo does not have a central trunk; the rhizomes provides the foundation. The extensive rhizome system stores the nutrients required for the plant’s rapid growth. The rhizome branches out from the root facilitate the vegetative propagation. This reproductive characteristic makes bamboo an â€Å"active spreading plant† which â€Å"unless inhibited will extend growth over a large area†. There are two types of rhizome system namely Sympodial and Monopodial. In the sympodial system, the apex of the rhizome gives rise to a shoot that grows into a culm, the woody stem of bamboo. These culms grow together as clump. In the monopodial system, the lateral bud from each internode develops into a clum or a rhizome. As the apex of the rhizome grows horizontal to the ground at a distance from one another. Culm: A shoot of bamboo is usually hollow except at the nodes, which are often swollen. A young shoot is protected by a number of sheaths, which fall off as the shoot grows into a mature culm. In the hollow inner area, there are some horizontal partitions called diaphragms. On the outside these partitions have a ring around the culm. The diaphragm and the ring outside together from a node. Branches grow from these nodes. The part between two nodes is called an inter-node. The internodes of most bamboos are hollow, that is, they have a cavity. The wall of the culm is simply the clum wall. Chapter V MARKET POTENTIAL The Bamboo Flooring is becoming popular because of its better look and superior quality over other flooring materials. THE INDIAN SCENARIO The materials commonly used for flooring in India are Granite, Marble, Mosaic, Cemented floor etc. Since last few years, wooden flooring has also becoming popular in India. These different types of flooring are available in wide range of prices starting from Rs. 0 per sq. ft to Rs. 700 per sq. ft. The use of wooden is increasing particularly for application in offices showrooms, banquet halls, discotheques, hotels, restaurants, conference rooms etc. There is a myth among the consumers that it is not suitable for Indian climate whereas wooden flooring is considered to be very convenient and it also helps in power saving particularly in the air-conditione d atmosphere. The consumers are required to be educated about the advantages of these flooring. Bamboo flooring has not yet been introduced in the Indian market. But considering its advantages over Wooden as well as bring shift from some of premium flooring presently available in the market. Bamboo flooring which is less expensive than other premium flooring is scratch moisture resistant because of high quality U V Coating, there should be good demand for the product in India. As per the Country Report: India published by International Network for Bamboo And Rattan (INBAR) on Bamboo Value-added Industry, the total market for Bamboo flooring in India has been estimated at Rs. 200 Crores which is likely to grow at a rate of at least 15% per year. THE INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO There is an export potential, which can be realized for bamboo-based flooring. There is Rs. 750 Crores market for Bamboo flooring which is growing at a rate of 50% per annum. Indian companies can trap this growing demand. China is a major player in the filed of Bamboo flooring. They have been constantly researching on the manufacturing technique of Bamboo flooring related products and hence they have an edge. However, for India companies, it will not be a problem to compete technically with China considering developed wood working industry in India. Moreover the species of Bamboo available in India are also considered better for manufacturing of Bamboo flooring because these are harder than the species available in China. Chapter VI TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY TECHNICAL KNOWHOW Although not much been done in India respect to technicalities of Bamboo Flooring manufacturing. We feel Indian machinery manufacturers will have no difficulties in providing most of the machines by modifying there existing machines as per process requirement. Moreover, well-developed wood working machinery industry in India will be an additional advantages. All the basic machines required for this project are either readily available in India or needs little modification to make them suitable for this specific application only very few finishing machines are proposed to be imported from Taiwan/Europe. In 2001, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) established Cane Bamboo Technology Center (CBTC) in Guwahati which helps in implementation of Bamboo Cane related project, delivers technical assistance and arrange for training of man power required for this project. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) assisted â€Å"Cane and Bamboo Technical Up gradation and Networking Project†, covering the seven North Eastern States of India. The Cane and Bamboo Technology â€Å"Project† is a sub-programme of the large Technology Management Programme (TMP). The Development of Science and Technology, Government of India is the Executing Agency for the TMP. While the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is the assigned Implementation Agency. The CBTC acts as the secretariat and coordination body of the Network and is the conduit for the network’s linkages. OBJECTIVES: The Cane and Bamboo Technological Up technologies and Networking Projects envisages the following as its major areas of interest: Identification, adaptation and dissemination of technologies for economic enhancement of craftspeople small entrepreneurs in the Cane and Bamboo Sector of North East India. Strengthening existing institutions by enhancing their networking capacities and linking them with specialized institution in India and abroad through the Cane and Bamboo Technology Center (CBTC). Enhancing access of craftspeople and small entrepreneurs to improved technology and knowledge thereby promoting employment opportunities and income generation ROLE OF THE CBTS: The CBTS is expected to play multiple roles, which constitute: Acting as a repository of information and technologies Playing out the role of a coordinator of sub-programme activities Being a vehicle for the sharing of information amongst resource and support institution, entrepreneurs, craftsmen and villagers. Acting as a platform for networking amongst constituent elements of the sector Performing as a catalyst to enhance the scale and depth of economic activity in the sector FOCUS AREAS: Generally speaking, the primary and secondary areas of focus are firstly, on promoting poverty eradication and sustainable livelihoods, and secondly on generation of sustainable livelihood and employment opportunities. The main focus areas are: The need to evolve and promote a better understanding of the sector Set agenda for coordinated R D activities, strengthen institutions and agencies and create coordination mechanisms for the sector Review the regulatory and access regime-in forest areas, for agro-forestry and at the household/homestead level Disseminate technologies and knowledge Provides support services for the sector MANUFACTURING PROCESS The process for manufacturing of Bamboo Flooring can be divided into three parts: 1. Making of Bamboo Strips: a) Straight, 4-5 years matured Bamboo is cross cut into the required length. b) Out-side knots are removed. c) Bamboo is put through a splitting machine to split the strips of required width. d) Inside knots and outside skin is removed. ) Strips are boiled and treated in a mixture of water, hydrogen peroxide and boric acid to remove sugar, starch, mildew, and pests. f) Strips are put in Impregnation plant where chemicals are injected under high pressure to protect the same from insect/pest attack for lifelong. g) After open drying, the strips the same are further dried in a Kiln to bring down the moisture level to 8-10%. h) For giving darker brownish shade to final products, strips can be given Carbon treatment by putting the same under high heat/pressure causing coloration impregnated throughout the sticks. ) Each strip is then passed through Four-side planning machine to get accurate rectangular shape. 2. Making of Bamboo Board: After thorough sorting, i) Strips are cut into the required length in the sizing machine. i)Glue is applied in the Gluing machine. i) Glued strips are assembled together into rough board. i) These rough boards are given required pressure in Hot Press (specially designed for this process). i) Boards are put into a Chilling Press for something till the temperature comes down to normal. i) One surface of duly pressed boards is finished on Planing machine. . Making of Bamboo Parquets: a) The specific size of Bamboo boards is passed through a rip saw to make one side plain. b) The side tongue groove is milled into the board. c) The board is passed through a cutting and shaping machine where the end tongue groove is mill ed. d) The parquet is passed through a wide belt sander for the top sanding. e) UV Basecoat is sprayed on the bottom and side of the parquets to make it moisture resistant and then again through a roller coater for top coating of UV Basecoat. f) Painted parquet is passed through U. V. Curing machine for hardening of the chemical (coat). ) It is again passed through a wide belt sander for smoother sanding. h) The above process (e, f g) is repeated again for better finishing. i) U. V. finishing coat is applied on the Parquets through Roller Coating machine. j) Parquets are passed through U. V. Curing machine for hardening. k) Each and every parquet is thoroughly inspected and the same is packed in the corrugated boxes. Process flow has been shown in the next Sheet. EFFLUENT TREATMENT There will not be any Water/Air/Sound pollution. It has been proposed to install. Dust collectors for the collection of Dust generated in the process. The Bamboo dust can later be used for manufacturing of Particle Board. Similarly Dust collector Chimney will be installed with the coal boiler. AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIAL The major raw material required for this project is Bamboo, which is abundantly available of bamboo in India, particularly in North East Region. India has the second largest reserve of bamboo in the world out of which NE Region accounts for 54% In NE Region, apart from the Bamboo available in the forest, there is a tradition to grow bamboo in the homestead, garden, field barriers etc. AVAILABILITY OF MACHINERY Different machines required for the primary processing of bamboo are available in India. Other machine such as Strip Sizing Machine, Gluing Machine, Bamboo Board Joining Machine. One Side Planer, Rip-Saw etc. are available in India particularly for wood working however, the same can easily be modified to make them suitable for this specific application. Some important finishing machines such as Five Side Grinding Machine, Double end Cutting Machine, Wide Belt Sanders, U V Coating Machine etc. Are being proposed to be imported. Wherever possible, we have opted for the Indian machines so that after-sales services and spares can be made easily available as and when needed and it will also reduce the cost of the project and thereby reduces the financial burden. We are ensuring better machines without compromising the quality. Selection of the plant and machinery has been done considering different stages of manufacturing process and balancing the capacity. PROPOSED PLANT CAPACITY The manufacturing capacity of the proposed plant will be 60000 meter2 per annum. This is the minimum viable capacity. The same can be increased in shorter duration. It is unlikely for a new unit to achieve maximum capacity utilization in the initial years of operation owing to various factors like stability in process coordination, training of working, supply of required quality of raw material and consumables etc. therefore, all the calculation have been made of 70%, 80%, 90% capacity utilization in 1st, 2nd, 3rd year onward respectively. PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS The Bamboo flooring are available in different styles, colours, finished and sizes, which are as under- A) styles: I Horizontal: Bamboo strips are joined horizontally. II. Vertical: Bamboo strips are joined vertically. B) Colours: Coffee 7 Natural There can be different shades from normal to dark brown. C) Finish: Matte Glossy. Other finish such as semi-gloss, 65:35 Matte Gloss etc. can also be made as per the market demands. D) Sizes: 900 mm X 90 mm X 15 mm. 600 mm X 90 mm X 15 mm 900 mm X 90 mm X 12 mm 600 mm X 90 mm X 12 mm These are the sizes commonly sold in the market but Parquets can be manufactured in different sizes and thickness. MAN POWER REQUIREMENT Total requirement of manpower can be broadly divided into two categories: 1. Technical Personnel: The technical personnel include engaged in production, maintenance, running of utilities and services facilities etc. These can further be categorized as: a) Factory Staffs b) Workers Chapter VII ECONOMIC VIABILITY h) Land development: The plant is proposed be put up in Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), Amingaon, guwahati, developed by AIDC. We have already approached AIDC for availability of land and they have assured us land as per our requirement on long-term lease (60 years). Various other expenses on site development such as land leveling, boundary wall, internal roads, etc. ave been considered while calculating the total cost of land and site development. The details of which are shown in the table below- h) Building: A covered shed of 8000 sq, ft. will be required for smooth operation of the plant. Apart from this, a semi pucca shed will be required for preliminary Bamboo processing and space will be required for administration, storage, utilities etc. We have planned the layout for the building considering different areas of operation, safety regulation, provision for ventilation, free movements of men and material etc. The building construction cost has been estimated based on the offers received from local builders. The total cost of building is estimated at Rs. 51. 76 Lacs as explained in the Table below- c) Plant Machinery: The selection of Plant Machinery has been done based on the offers received from various machinery suppliers, their technical competitiveness, price, after-sale service simplicity of operation, efficiency of the machine, guarantee etc. The total cost of Imported Indigenous Plant machinery are shown in the Tables on the next sheet. d) Miscellaneous Fixed Assets: Apart from the main plant machinery, various other equipment will be required such as Boiler, D. G. Set, Compressor, material handling equipments, fire fighting equipments, furniture fixtures, office equipments etc. We have worked out the requirements of such equipments, the details of which are as under: e) Preliminary pre-operative expenses: This includes the expenses for company formation, interest during construction period, initial expenses on traveling, communication and other basic expenses during the pre-operation period. Total preliminary expenses are Rs. . 30 Lacs and preoperative expenses has been estimated at Rs. 49. 29 Lacs. f) Contingencies: Provision has been made towards contingencies in the total cost of project. The details of which is as under: g) Technical Know-how Training: The total cost for Technical Know-how, Training of technical personnel consultants’ fee has been estimated at Rs. 15. 91 Lacs. The detailed calculation has been shown in the next t able. h) Margin money for working capital: The total requirement of working of capital is estimated at Rs. 6. 07 Lacs. The detailed calculation of requirement of Working capital has been shown in the next table. SOURSES OF FUNDS The total long-term fund requirement of the proposed unit is estimated to be Rs. 490. 44 Lacs, which is proposed to be financed as under: Subsidies other incentives of capital nature have not been considered while deciding means of finance. The same can be directly reimbursed to the finding institutions towards repayment of loan. We seek equity participation from institutions for reducing interest outgo at least for a period of 3-5 years. The same can be brought back by the promoters at mutually agreed terms. TOTAL COST OF MANUFACTURING: It has been calculated by calculating cost of raw material, salary wages, power fuel, consumables, repair maintenance, factory overheads etc. These calculations are based on certain assumption during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd years onwards of operation has been assumed to be 70%, 80%, 90% respectively of the installed capacity. The installed capacity of the proposed unit is estimated at 60000 meter2. the cost of various items has been calculated as per the prevailing rates in the market. Incentives such as transport subsidy, D. G. Set subsidy etc. have not been considered. The same can be directly reimbursed, as and when received, to the lending institutions as prepayment of loan. This will improve the working of the cost of manufacturing estimated for the next 10 years. RAW MATERIAL: Bamboo is the main raw material for making Flooring. We have worked out requirement of Bamboo after considering wastage. Farmer have to be educated to harvest our required quality of Bamboo which may take some time. It is therefore estimated that in the 1st year of operation we shall have higher wastage. Such wastage will gradually reduce. We shall have incentive scheme to encourage farmers for regular flow of homogeneous quality of Bamboo. This will lead to lower wastage, reduced cost of production and smooth operation on the machine. We assume after 3rd year we shall get advantage of regulated supply of Bamboo clums. CONSUMEABLE AND STORES: This includes Glue, U V coating material, various chemicals for pre processing of bamboo, packing material, stores spares etc. Requirement of the same at 100% capacity utilization has been shown below: POWER: The total annual requirement of the proposed unit works out to 791900 KVA at installed capacity. Calculation of requirements of power and cost has been shown as under: FULE: The total annual requirement of Coal for running the boiler has been worked out at 1408 MT per annum at installed capacity. Calculation of requirements of Coal and cost has been shown as under: SALARY WAGES: The requirements of Skilled, Semi skilled and unskilled labour has been orked out as per the production process and machine hours. The requirement of Technical Supervisory personnel their total Salary Wages has been calculated in the Table on the next sheet. We have also estimated an annual increases of 5% in the Salary Wages and have also provided for Fringe benefits @ 25% of Salary Wages. REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE: The repair and maintenance of the capital assets has been taken at 1%, 2%, 3% of the total cost of fixed ass ets in the 1st year, 2nd year, and 3rd year onwards respectively. FACTORY OVERHEADS: Overheads such as Rent and Taxes, Insurance, miscellaneous expenses have been considered on best judgment basis to make adequate provision in the total cost of production. These have been estimated at Rs. 13. 74 Lacs in the first year of operation. We have also made a provision of increase in this cost @ 10% per annum. ESTIMATE OF COST OF SALES, AND PROFITABILITY The estimate of cost of sales, realization profitability for the next 10 years of operation has been shown as under: ADMINISTRSTIVE SALES SALARY: The requirements of Administrative Sales personnel total Salary Wages has been calculated as under: We have also estimated an annual increase of 5% in the Salary Wages and have also provided for Fringe benefits @ 25% of Salary Wages. ADMINISTRATIVE OVERHEADS: Adequate provision has been made for administrative overheads and estimated at Rs. 12. 83 in the subsequent years. SELLING OVERHEADS: Being a consumer product planned sales promotion and regular advertising will be essential apart from organizing sales meet and participation in fairs. Total sales expenses have been estimated at Rs. 33. 68 Lacs in the first year of operation. This includes 7% of sales realization of finished goods towards advertisement publicity and balance towards miscellaneous sales expenses. A provision of an annual increase of expenses at 10% has been made in the subsequent years. PRODUCTION SALES REALISATION: Calculations of the sales realization are based on the prevailing selling price of the product in the international market. The details of sales realization at 100% capacity utilization are as under: INTEREST: Interest on term loans for capital investment and bank borrowing for working capital has been worked out as under: Working capital from Bank – 15. 00% Term loan from Financial Institution – 15. 00% Technology Development Assistance from TIFCA – 4% The details of repayment of term loan and interest thereon have been shown in the next two tables. FINANCIAL PROJECTIONS Various financial projections calculated for the proposed unit which confirm the economic viability of the project, are: . CASH FLOW STATEMENT: The cash estimates for 10 years are given in the table below- 2. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS The details working on break-even point has been shown in the table below: We have taken the figures of 3rd year of operation i. e. optimum year for the purpose of calculating break-even point. 3. UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION: Total Works Cost of Sales, Contributing Net Contribution of each square meter/Square feet has been shown in the table below: 4. BALANCE SHEET: Project Balan ce Sheet for next 10 years of operation is as under: SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Vast Bamboo source for commercial exploitation at competitive price. Local people with skill to make Bamboo handicraft will be suitable for this project. Same set of machines can produce other related products such as ceiling boards, door panels, wooden flooring etc. Weakness: There is no defined goal or policy for encouraging planned bamboo cultivation. Wastage will be higher in the initial phase. Farmers have to be educated for maintaining quality requirements. Opportunities: The usage of wood is on an increases but wood resources are declining in India. Moreover the Supreme Court has banned felling of timber in North East region resulting in closure of plywood units. Wood import can be reduced if Bamboo-based products. Threats: Bamboo Flooring industry is well established in China. Their product is already acceptable in the international market. We will have to compete with them in future. There can be shortage of particular of Bamboo after flooring, which is likely to take place between 2003-2007. Poor infrastructure in the North East. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Sensitivity Analysis gives an indication of how sensitive the project is to changes in certain assumptions. This analysis has been carried out to see how the profitability would change if there is certain change in the factor concerned. This sensitivity shows the effect of increases and reductions in raw material price, capacity utilization, selling price, publicity expenses and the profitability shows the impact of that particular factor. PEST ANALYSIS The following analysis gives an overview of the environment in which the Bamboo flooring industry will have to operate. We have analyzed the Political, Economic, Socio-cultural and Technological environment for the industry. POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT I Finished Product Even if Bamboo flooring is imported at ‘0’ duty from China, the landed cost is quite high compared to our proposed selling price. The local selling price in Nepal market is also quite high due to higher Bamboo procurement price to them. Hence we do not see any threat from imported Bamboo Flooring. We may however have to compete with the other Bamboo Flooring manufacturers in the country but that would also add to overall market growth and awareness of the product. II Import Duties on Consumables Import duty on consumables is also very high. The only consumable, which is required to be imported at the initial stage, is U V coating. Cost of U V Coating to the total cost of production is 3. 50% only (including duty), hence it will not significantly affect the profitability. III Other Levies Since this unit is being put up in Assam, products will be exempted from Sales tax excise duty. Thus it will be at an advantageous position as compared to any other unit, which may come up in other parts of the country. IV Ban on falling of Trees Supreme Court of India banned felling of trees in NE Region. This will make wooden flooring a costly substitute. In the recent years, Government of India is giving all thrust for adding value and creating awareness about uses of Bamboo. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT I Disposable Income of the Population With the sustained growth in the GDP of approximately 5-6% in the last few years there has been a high rate of growth in the disposable income of the Indian households. The NCAER data reveals that the middle (annual household income between Rs. 62,000 and 86,000) and the high (annual household income higher than Rs. 6,000) income segments have growth at a compounded average growth rate of 13% and 17% respectively between 1989-90 and 1993-94. This increases demand for the luxury products. II Availability of Easy Housing Finance Housing finance has picked up substantially in India as the rate of interest for housing loan has been reduced substantial. It has gone down to as low as 10%. Moreover there are other income tax advantages too for the investment m ade in housing. Hence the construction industry is bamboo. This will in turn boost demand for various products that obviously includes flooring material. As is evident from above Tables, India has about 157. 2 million households of which about 52 percent fall in the low income (upto Rs. 20. 000) category; a further 20 percent mane purchasing power of about Rs. 9,000 p. a. constitute another 12% of total. Conclusions drawn from the NCAER data is of great significance from the point of view of the purchasing power of the consumer. When compared with the data from the previous estimates it appears that the upper middle and high-income segment of the population has been growing faster. Since a major chunk of demand for this sector is expected to get larger in the near future. Within the upper middle and high-income segment, the rural households are growing at a far more impressive rate than their urban counterparts. Roughly about 137 million people belong to upper middle and high-income categories i. e. income of Rs. 34,500 p. a. This is a fairly large size indicating that the marketing of ‘niche’ products can be the promising area. II Lifestyle Changes With more and more workingwomen in the Indian families, there participation in decision making at home is increasing. Women are always expected to be connoisseur of rich test beauty. Bamboo flooring being user friendly, easy to clean maintain shall get attention of women and help shift from other flooring materials. The Indian families are on the lookout for alternate ways to do household chores. Also declining supply of household workers has led to demand for products, which required less maintenance. Bamboo flooring does not required mopping, cleaning etc. It can be easily cleaned with Vacuum Cleaner. This will have an impact on the mental makeup of women in particular in the urbanized in general. III Health Consciousness Pollution is one of the main reasons for Asthma and Allergy. People with these diseases have started avoiding woolen / synthetic carpets because these diseases these carpets become the storehouse of dust mites, which aggravates their problem. Part of the market for carpet will definitely shift towards Bamboo flooring. TECHNOLOGICAL I Life Cycle Every product has lifecycle. With technological department everyday new products are introduced in the market, but customers prefer the product, which meets their requirement. Bamboo flooring, which looks better makes one feel better will create its own niche market. Being a natural product, it is unlikely to loose its charm for long time to come. II New Development Manufacturing of Bamboo flooring is comparatively a new technology. There is likely to be continuous research on the subject and regular improvement in all aspects of manufacturing. The areas, which require attention, are a) Saving on wastage b) Further mechanization c) Better economical coating material d) Alternative uses. This will result in better flooring at a reasonable price. So it will further gear up to meet any challenge from any new products. How to cite Project Report on Bamboo, Essay examples

AOD Support Intervention for Interviewing- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAOD Support Intervention for Motivational Interviewing. Answer: Motivational interviewing according to AOD support intervention: Alcohol other drug (AOD) brief interventions are confidential process of counselling done with individuals who are misusing alcohol and other drugs in their life. Motivational interviewing method is employed for such individuals to understand the level of harm of alcohol or drugs on their health and motivate them to bring changes in their life to minimise the harmful effects of drugs and alcohols (Tucker et al., 2017). Such method of counselling acts as strong support system for people negative affected by alcohol and drug misuse. AOD interventions are the most efficacious interventions where the main motive is to gain contextual information of patient such as client needs, social environment in which they live and type of drugs used. Such information is collected from clients by different methods like contingency management, cognitive behavioural therapy, narrative therapy, solution based therapy and motivating interviewing. The major purpose of motivational interviewing is to make clients aware about potential harm of drugs and impact of negative behaviours on patients (Arkowitz, Miller, Rollnick, 2015). Hence, the client centred style of interaction in motivational interviewing supports client to explore the ambivalent views about drug and alcohol use and make positive changes in their lives. Making clients aware about the drug poses in their life is critical for their recovery because many people do even realised that their health problems is related to use of drugs and alcohol. The motivational interviewing is a beneficial activity to bring change in drug abuse person. This method of counselling style is based on the assumption that ambivalence of an individual regarding substance is normal and this ambivalence can be addressed by addressing the inner motivation and values of clients. Such inner values are exploited by entering into collaborative partnership with client during the interview the process (Elwyn et al., 2014). Counsellors act as supporters in the counselling process and encourage clients to accept and make changes in life. Four fundamental process occurs in motivational interview to bring change in client: Engaging with client- This process involved listening with empathy about the client perspective abut health issues and understanding the main reasons for ambivalence in clients Guiding client to targeted behaviour: Based on first process, the counsellor helps client to identify problem area and make them clear about target behaviour or goals needed to address the problem Evoking intrinsic motivation of client: The most crucial step in motivational interviewing is to engage in effective talk to identify clients reasons for changes and motivate them to adapt the new process of change Planning the bridge to change: The final process is strengthening the commitment of client to reinforce positive changes in their life by strategic moves, action planning and rehabilitation process (Magill et al., 2014). Therefore, the person centred style of guiding strengthens the client motive to adapt positive practices and behaviour in life and eliminate use of alcohol or drugs. Aggressive method of confronting problem makes patients defensive, however the empathetic and supportive approach used in motivational interviewing encourages client to accept the treatment goals. Reference Arkowitz, H., Miller, W. R., Rollnick, S. (Eds.). (2015).Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems. Guilford Publications. Magill, M., Gaume, J., Apodaca, T. R., Walthers, J., Mastroleo, N. R., Borsari, B., Longabaugh, R. (2014). The technical hypothesis of motivational interviewing: A meta-analysis of MIs key causal model. Tucker, J. S., D'Amico, E. J., Ewing, B. A., Miles, J. N., Pedersen, E. R. (2017). A group-based motivational interviewing brief intervention to reduce substance use and sexual risk behavior among homeless young adults.Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,76, 20-27. Elwyn, G., Dehlendorf, C., Epstein, R. M., Marrin, K., White, J., Frosch, D. L. (2014). Shared decision making and motivational interviewing: achieving patient-centered care across the spectrum of health care problems.The Annals of Family Medicine,12(3), 270-275.

Joy Luck Club Essay Example

Joy Luck Club Essay North Fall Final Exam Essay Topics For your final exam, you will write a timed write on Monday December 13th which will count towards 1/3 of your final exam grade. A traditional AP Timed Write Rubric will be used to score your answers. I’m looking for a clear thesis, a well-organized paper, high level of diction, focus, and in-depth analysis (two to three pieces of commentary or analogies) combined with thematic text to world and use of literary devices if appropriate. Answer all parts of the question in your responses. 1. June Woo begins the novel by explaining the â€Å"Joy Luck Club. † She watches the mothers and explains, â€Å"They see that joy and luck do not mean the same to their daughters, that to these closed American-born minds ‘joy luck’ is not a word, it does not exist. † Does the novel argue that certain cultural concepts, like â€Å"joy luck,† cannot be translated? If so, why? If not, why not? Or, could the failure to translate provide the momentum of the novel? Explain the role of language and/or translation in the novel. 2. Using the very brief stories that introduce each section of the novel, explain why Tan has chosen each of these tales to characterize the four sections. Do they serve as signposts to foreshadow the plot? Do they capture an Asian aesthetic, where figures like the Moon Lady play an indispensable role in charting human experience? How might mythic stories provide more accurate renderings of the womens experience? Is this a point of contention between the Asian and American cultures depicted in the novel? 3. In Antigone, the blind seer Teiresias declares, â€Å"The only crime is pride. The Greek concept of hubris involves overbearing pride or self-confidence that often has disastrous consequences. In a well-organized essay, explore the idea of hubris as it is developed in the Oedipus Trilogy. Use specific examples from either Oedipus Rex or Antigone in your discussion. 4. Much of the dramatic effect of Oedipus Rex is achieved through the use of dramatic irony. In a well-organized essay, trace instances of such irony in the play and discuss the effect specific instances of irony have on the audience. Finally explore the significance of dramatic irony to the overall meaning of the play. Rubric: _______50- 9 essays: These essays are exceptionally well-written, show usual insight into the topic and are very well-organized, and support assertions with appropriate examples. They remain focused on all aspects of the topic and present a unique writer’s voice. They demonstrate uncommon skill and sometimes put a cultural/historical frame around the subject. Descriptors that come to mind while reading include masterly, sophisticated, complex, specific, consistent, effective, well-supported. ______45- 8- These essays are very well-written, show clear understanding of and focus on the topic, are well organized, and usually support assertions with appropriate examples. They focus on all aspects or the topic and show a writer’s voice. They may have a few mechanical errors, but only very minor ones. _______40-7 7 is a thinner version of the excellent paper; still impressive, cogen t, convincing, but less well-handled in terms of organization, insight, or vocabulary. We will write a custom essay sample on Joy Luck Club specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Joy Luck Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Joy Luck Club specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Descriptors that come to mind while reading include clear understanding, less precise, less well-supported, maturing, this writer has potential, but hasn’t quite got it all. The writer’s voice is somewhat less mature than that of an 8-9 essay, but it is still evident. Only minor errors in mechanics. _______35- 6 6 is an above average paper, but it may be deficient in one of the essentials mentioned above. It may be less mature in thought or less well-handled in terms of organization, syntax, or mechanics. Descriptors might include less mature, some difficulties, but just above average. _______30-5 The 5 paper is a thinner version of the 6. Descriptors would include superficial, vague, uneven, and mechanical. These essays are for the most part well-written, and usually remain focused on the topic. The assertions that are made may be somewhat vague in relation to the topic or a bit superficial in nature. The supporting examples may be missing occasionally or not well related to the topic. There seems to be some evidence or a writer’s voice, but not one of a unique nature. These essays are usually characterized by some minor ones. Inadequate _______25-4: 4 is an average to below-average paper which maintains the general idea of the writing assignment, shows some sense of organization, but is weak in content, maturity of thought, language facility, and/or mechanics. It may distort the topic or fail to deal adequately with one important aspect of the topic. _______20-3: The 3 essay compounds the weaknesses of the 4. Some descriptors that come to mind include incomplete, oversimplified, meager, irrelevant, and insufficient. ______15-2: 2 is the score assigned to a paper that makes an attempt to deal with the topic but demonstrates serious weaknesses in content and coherence and/or syntax and mechanics. It is an unacceptable score. Descriptors include serious misreading, unacceptably brief, and/or poorly written. _______10 -1 or less -1: 1 is the score given to any on-topic response that has very little redeeming quality. It may be very brief or very long, but will be scarcely coherent, usually full of mechanical errors, or completely missed the focus of the prompt. Descriptors include vacuous, inexact, and mechanically unsound.

Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essays

Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essays Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essay Identify a particular multi agency safety initiative Essay Identify a peculiar multi-agency safety enterprise and sketch the legal and policy context. Domestic force has been defined as that which occurs between current or former confidant spouses and involves force this can include fiscal, physical, emotional or sexual maltreatment ( Walby A ; Allen, 2004 ) . Domestic force is now considered a major hidden job ; recent British Crime Survey estimates province that about 9 % of work forces and 13 % of adult females are its victims. ( Walby A ; Allen, 2004 ) . Despite these figures, it is believed to be a well under-reported offense. This essay will analyze the rates of domestic force in the Barwell country of Leicestershire and a multi-agency enterprise that has been put in topographic point to counter it. Barwell is one of the four towns which make up the Borough of Hinckley A ; Bosworth in South West Leicestershire ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Crime information has been gathered for this borough under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which requires responsible governments to transport out audits of offense and upset every three old ages. Crime statistics for Barwell show that compared to the other towns in the country, the figure of offenses is comparatively high. In peculiar, the figures for the burglary of homes and those for assaults from 2004 show they are both more than 40 % higher than the norm in the country ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Overall degrees of offense have, nevertheless, remained at about the mean degree in the Barwell country between 2001 and 2004. Within the figures for assault are included the figure of incidents of domestic force. The Numberss recorded for Hinckley A ; Bosworth Borough have been steadily increasing from 2001 ( 625 incidents ) to 2004 ( 781 incidents ) ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Local governments have assorted legal duties to undertake these rates of offense, along with those in other countries. Two relevant to this treatment on domestic force are the Best Value Performance Indicator and the Local Public Service Agreement ( Local PSA ) . In the Local PSA on domestic force, certain points are agreed between the authorities and the local authorization. Once these are agreed, the authorities provides support in assisting local governments achieve peculiar purposes. On domestic force, Leicestershire County Council has agreed four chief marks ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . First, a 15 % addition in the figure of incidents of domestic force reported to the constabulary [ 1 ] . Second, a 7 % decrease in the figure of repetition victims. Third, a 22 % decrease in the figure of victims abjuring their charges. Finally, a 400 % addition in the figure of culprits finishing the Core Perpetrator Programme. The 2nd of import index at a policy degree is the Best Value Performance Indicator ( ODPM, 2004 ) . For domestic force this is a step of the figure of refuge topographic points available per 1000 of the population. Some jobs have been encountered in ciphering the exact degree of this index, as the Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) study points out. This mark is, hence, due for alteration, but will affect increasing entree to assist and advice. In order to turn to some of these duties one peculiar multi-agency enterprise that has been implemented is the Domestic Violence Common Monitoring Project ( DVCMP ) . The job that this addresses is that different bureaus have recorded small or no information about the degrees of domestic force happening in the country. There was besides small consistence across the information that was collected. The DVCMP has a figure of purposes. The first is to roll up informations in a consistent mode so that it can be shared between bureaus efficaciously. The 2nd provides a model for the analysis of this information. Third, the DVCMP purposes to supply information to other bureaus about their findings. Finally, the DVCMP purposes to increase the degrees of service proviso for both culprits and victims. Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) study that 27 different bureaus have contributed informations towards the undertaking. Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) do it clear that one of the chief purposes of DVCMP is to increase the recorded cases of domestic force. Outline the theories which underpin the peculiar enterprise. In order to understand the importance of monitoring degrees of domestic force it is necessary to analyze the research that has been carried out nationally to put it in context. The British Crime Survey provides information on the overall degrees of domestic force suffered, Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) explain their survey found every bit many as 5 % of work forces and 24 % of adult females had suffered domestic force at some point in their lives. Within stalking and torment, 12 % of work forces and 19 % of adult females had been victims at some point. Looking at the more serious facets, 7 % of adult females had been the victims of a serious sexual assault, while 1.5 % of work forces had. Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) highlight the fact that it is mostly adult females who are the victims of the most serious domestic force. Of those who suffered repeat-victimisation, classified as four or more incidents, 89 % were adult females. One of the most dramatic facets of the research is the manner in which domestic force is perceived by the respondents. Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) found that 94 % of work forces and 64 % of adult females did non believe the incident which research workers considered to be domestic force, was in fact domestic force in their ain position. There was, nevertheless, a tendency that when a adult female had been repeatedly victimised, it was more likely they would see this as domestic force. Domestic force is clearly a major job ; Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) underline the chief grounds. Domestic force can take onto depression, particularly in those who have suffered the worst types of force, such as colza. Time off work besides frequently consequences from incidents of domestic force. Walby A ; Allen ( 2004 ) found that of those adult females who had suffered domestic force, 21 % were forced to take clip off work. These secondary points aside, victims were frequently found to hold suffered serious physical hurts, with 6 % of adult females enduring terrible hurts and 20 % enduring moderate hurts. It has been estimated that domestic force in England and Wales costs ?23 billion each twelvemonth in emotional and human agony, employer and province losingss ( Walby, 2004 ) . One of the facets of cut downing domestic force is take downing the associated costs to society in general. These can non be calculated unless the sum of domestic force is accurately monitored. Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) point out that the Audit Commission ( 1999 ) calls for a greater concentration on garnering monitoring informations. While informations is frequently already being collected, it is non being done in the right manner. One illustration of jobs that have been seen in roll uping informations is described by Plotnikoff A ; Woolfson ( 1998 ) . These research workers examined the manner in which 42 of the 43 constabulary forces in England and Wales collect information on domestic force. At the most basic degree, considerable fluctuations were found between the ways in which constabulary forces defin ed domestic force. This has clear deductions for describing with it being hard to compare and aggregate figures obtained from each force. Plotnikoff A ; Woolfson ( 1998 ) besides found serious jobs with the manner forces dealt with information about domestic force such that incidences were under-reported and inside informations could non flux easy between persons. Further, information about old incidents of domestic force were non routinely used or made available. In add-on, domestic force was non perceived as a high-status type of job and hence there was small precedence afforded to it. This degree of confusion was besides seen elsewhere when Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) carried out their research into local governments. They found that while there was a demand for farther information on domestic force, there were few efforts being made to roll up informations. Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) point out that it is hard to mensurate any sort of betterments, or so debasements in degrees of domestic force, unless a baseline degree can be ascertained. Neither the cost-effectiveness nor the pertinence of enterprises can be judged until these figures are obtained. Research looking at the effectivity of different types of intercessions against domestic force has been carried out by Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) . The writers point out, likewise to Crisp A ; Stanko ( 2000 ) , the jobs with different types of informations from different beginnings across the intercessions they evaluate. In these Crime Decrease Programmes ( CRPs ) , even though Home Office counsel was provided for the type and construction of the information required, there were few undertakings that met these criterions. One of the major jobs was utilizing anonymised informations so that peculiar adult females could be tracked across different bureaus. Without this tracking information it was clearly hard to determine the result of many instances. From this experience Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) do a figure of recommendations about the manner in which information should be collected. These included the thought of holding traceable information, anonymised alone identifier s, and carefully mensurating alterations in rates of different types of domestic force. Identify the deduction of the enterprise for the community paying peculiar attending to diverseness and favoritism. Returning to the audit carried out by Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) , it can be seen that the thoughts stemming from the research measuring intercessions have been implemented. This is peculiarly apparent in Phase 2 of the DVCMP. This involves the usage of a database instead than manual signifiers to collate information. One of the chief betterments in the enterprise is the usage of Unique Identifiers attached to each victim of domestic force. This is created from the personal inside informations of the victim, but attention is taken to guarantee that it is anonymised. Further, the system takes into history the figure of times a individual gets into contact which, hence, is a better step of the job every bit good as the resources required to cover with it. As a consequence of this enterprise, so, some really utile baseline statistics have already been collected for the Hinckley A ; Bosworth Borough country. The overall figures show a general rise in the figure of incidents of domestic force reported in the country ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . As indicated earlier, this has increased from 628 in 2001 to 725 in 2004, although unfortunately information about the earnestness of these incidents has non been collected. Similarly information about repetition exploitations is besides non available. There is, nevertheless, information signifier the County degree. Here it was found that 94 % of victims in Leicestershire were female. The most common age for exploitation was in the scope 25-34. Analyzing diverseness and favoritism, the information showed that 87 % of the victims of domestic force were described as white . This information, nevertheless, was hard to construe as it could merely stand for the ethn icity in the country. Further information is provided by Leicestershire County Council ( 2006 ) on favoritism and diverseness. They compare the 12 % of those enduring domestic force being in the Black and Minority Ethnic ( BME ) group with the per centum of those from BME backgrounds in the overall Leicestershire population of 7.2 % . This may propose some over-representation of those from a BME background in victims of domestic force. They besides report that 9 % of victims had disablements which, it is argued, is an under-representation compared to 15.5 % of the population with long-run modification unwellnesss. The informations clearly showed the importance of multi-agency work, nevertheless, as 54 % of victims were either referred to, or referred from another bureau ( Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership, 2004 ) . Further, 65 % of the victims had contacted an bureau for the first clip. There was besides a steady addition seen in the figure of incidents of domestic force that were reported to the constabulary. It is estimated by Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) that merely about 40 % of all incidents of domestic force were reported. This suggests that there is some manner to travel in assisting victims of domestic force to describe and cover with the incidents. Does the enterprise address the demands of the groups which make up the local community. Identify the ways in which these could be addressed. Turning now to how this enterprise has addressed the demands of the community in Barwell, it is clear that this undertaking is still in an early stage. Research has highlighted the importance of holding some baseline degrees of domestic force decently documented so that intercessions can be evaluated. Nevertheless, Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) reexamine some of the intercessions that have been found to be utile. Womans can be encouraged to unwrap domestic force through the usage of undertaking workers with the necessary preparation in covering with the issues involved sensitively. This can be done for illustration in the class of everyday questions ( Department of Health, 2000 ) . Possible over-representation of victims of domestic force with BME backgrounds can be addressed by increasing Numberss of workers with the relevant linguistic communication accomplishments and cultural sensitivenesss. Further, Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) point out that strong belief rates can be in creased by supplying greater support to victims of domestic force through the tribunal system. Repeat exploitation could be addressed, Hester A ; Westmarland ( 2005 ) found, by aiming services specifically to the demands of adult females. This could include, for illustration, the proviso of terror dismaies and place security systems. Interventions that have begun to be used in the Hinckley A ; Bosworth Borough country are reported by Leicester Partnership Against Crime A ; Disorder ( 2005 ) . Along with the DVCMP, a domestic force coordinator has been appointed and domestic force response undertakings have been initiated. Besides, developing battalions have been produced for usage in secondary schools. Finally, services for victims have been promoted on an one-year footing in order to raise consciousness. Leicester Partnership Against Crime A ; Disorder ( 2005 ) besides province some hereafter aims which include supplying culprit intercessions and advancing different options for victims of domestic force. In decision, it is clear that domestic force presents a job whose graduated table it is hard to estimate. Research information collected nationally suggests, nevertheless, that it is significantly under-reported. One of the major jobs in presenting effectual intercessions is mensurating their public-service corporation. This can merely be done with accurate baseline informations. The DVCMP purposes to roll up this information utilizing alone and anonymised identifiers. While the local community of, for illustration, Barwell, will so far have been small affected by these alterations, future intercessions will trust on these baseline steps for estimating their effectivity. As such, they provide necessary stipulations for farther enterprises such as dedicated undertaking workers and greater grasp of cultural issues for those community members from BME backgrounds. Mentions Crime and Disorder Act ( 1998 ) London: The Stationery Office. Crisp, D. , Stanko, B. ( 2000 ) Reducing domestic force What works? Monitoring costs and measuring demands, Home Office Briefing Note. London: Home Office. Department of Health ( 2000 ) Domestic Violence – A resource manual for wellness attention professionals. London: Department of Health. Hester, M. , Westmarland, N. ( 2005 ) Undertaking Domestic Violence: effectual intercessions and attacks Home Office Research Study 290. London: Home Office. Hinckley A ; Bosworth Community Safety Partnership ( 2004 ) Hinckley A ; Bosworth Crime Disorder A ; Drugs Audit 2004. Leicestershire: Leicestershire County Council. Leicestershire County Council ( 2006 ) Community Safety Plan 2006 2009. Leicestershire: Leicestershire County Council. Leicester Partnership Against Crime A ; Disorder ( 2005 ) Community Safety Strategy April 2005 to March 2008. Leicestershire: Leicestershire County Council. ODPM ( 2004 ) Best Value Performance Indicators 2005/06: Consultation Paper. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. Plotnikoff, J. , Woolfson, R. ( 1998 ) Patroling Domestic Violence: effectual organizational Structures. Police Research Series Paper 100. London: Home Office. The Audit Commission ( 1999 ) Safety in Numbers: advancing community safety. London: The Audit Commission. Walby, S. ( 2004 ) The Cost of Domestic Violence. London: Womans and Equality Unit/DTI. Walby. , S. , Allen, J. ( 2004 ) Domestic force, sexual assault and still hunt: Findingss from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 276. London: Home Office. 1

Enslavement Timeline 1619 to 1696

Enslavement Timeline 1619 to 1696 Historian Frances Latimer argues that enslavement happened one law at a time, one person at a time. As the American colonies grew throughout the 17th Century, human bondage transformed from indentured servitude to a life of enslavement. 1612: Commercial tobacco is raised in Jamestown, Va.1619: Twenty Africans are transported to Jamestown. They were imported to work as slaves in Great Britains American colonies.1626: The Dutch West India Company brings eleven African-American men to the New Netherlands1636: Desire, the first carrier in the United States to participate in human trade. The ship is built and first sails from Massachusetts. This marks the beginning of colonial North Americas participation in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.1640: John Punch becomes the first documented slave to receive servitude for life. An African servant, John Punch, is sentenced to life after running away. His white friends, who also ran away, received extended servitude.1640: Residents of New Netherlands are prohibited from providing any assistance to fugitive slaves.1641: The DAngolas become the first recorded marriage between people of African descent.1641: Massachusetts becomes the first colony to legalize enslavement.1643: A fugit ive slave law is established in the New England Confederation. The Confederation includes Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven. 1650: Connecticut legalizes enslavement.1652: Rhode Island creates laws restricting and then forbidding slavery.1652: All black and Native American servants are mandated to take military training by Massachusetts law.1654: Blacks are granted the right to be slaveholders in Virginia.1657: Virginia passes a fugitive slave law.1660: The Council of Foreign Plantations is ordered by Charles II, King of England, to convert slaves and indentured servants to Christianity.1662: Virginia passes a law establishing hereditary slavery. The law states that children of African-American mothers shall be bond or free according to the condition of the mother.1662: Massachusetts passes a law prohibiting blacks from bearing arms. States such as New York, Connecticut, and New Hampshire followed suit.1663: The first documented slave rebellion takes place in Gloucester County, Va.1663: The state of Maryland legalizes enslavement.1663: Charles II gives North Carolina and South Carolina to slave proprietors. 1664: Enslavement is legalized in New York and New Jersey.1664: Maryland becomes the first colony to make marriage between white women and black men illegal.1664: Maryland passes a law making lifelong servitude for black slaves legal. Colonies such as New York, New Jersey, the Carolinas, and Virginia pass similar laws.1666: Maryland enacts a fugitive slave law.1667: Virginia passes a law stating that a Christian baptism will not change a persons status as a slave.1668: New Jersey passes a fugitive slave law.1670: Free Africans and Native Americans are prohibited from owning white Christian servants by Virginia law.1674: New York lawmakers declare that enslaved African-Americans who convert to Christianity will not be freed.1676: Slaves, as well as black and white indentured servants, participate in Bacons Rebellion.1680: Virginia passes laws prohibiting blacksfreed or enslavedfrom bearing arms and congregating in large numbers. The law also enforces stiff punishments for slaves who t ry to escape or attack white Christians. 1682: Virginia passes a law announcing that all imported Africans will be slaves for life.1684: New York prohibits slaves from selling goods.1688: Pennsylvania Quakers establish the first antislavery resolution.1691: Virginia creates its first anti-miscegenation law, prohibiting marriage between whites and blacks as well as whites and Native Americans.1691: Virginia declares it illegal to free slaves within its borders. As a result, freed slaves must leave the colony.1691: South Carolina establishes its first set of slave codes.1694: Importation of Africans increases tremendously into the Carolinas after rice cultivation is developed.1696: Royal African Trade Company loses its monopoly. New England colonists enter into the slave trade.

The Scientific Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Scientific Method - Essay Example Used materials: I required three items to complete this research: 1. A notebook in which I recorded the results 2. Five 1.5 ounce Planter's NUT.rition bags 3. Five paper towels on which to place the contents of each bag Methods: Each bag of Planter's NUT.rition was poured out onto a paper towel, and the nuts sorted by type. The total number of nuts per bag and the number of each type were recorded in a notebook. Results and Analysis: The number of nuts per bag and the type are given in Table 1: Bag Number Peanuts Hazelnuts Pistachios Almonds Pecans Total Nuts 1 30 2 16 9 9 66 2 27 1 15 10 4 57 3 33 3 14 8 6 64 4 31 5 8 5 9 58 5 29 1 12 7 7 56 These results tell us that the proportions of types of nuts in a Planter's NUT.rition bag are not equal between bags. The proportions of each type of nut in the bag are given in Table 2: Bag Number Peanuts Hazelnuts Pistachios Almonds Pecans 1 0.45 0.03 0.24 0.14 0.14 2 0.47 0.02 0.26 0.18 0.07 3 0.51 0.05 0.23 0.13 0.09 4 0.53 0.08 0.14 0.09 0. 16 5 0.52 0.02 0.21 0.13 0.13 The biggest variation was seen in the pistachios (+/- 0.12) and the smallest difference was seen in the peanuts and hazelnuts (+/- 0.06). However, none of the bags showed similar proportions in all five types of nuts, even if proportions were similar between one or two types.

World War 2 History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War 2 History - Essay Example The biggest obscurity that remains is who should bear the culpability of the Holocaust. Millions of questions fizz out of the World War II brutality, but unfortunately, neither satisfactory answer has ever been reached nor is there any in the near future. The answers to evolving questions still remain oblivious with many wondering about the motives and the driving force behind the Holocaust. However, through their stories, Christopher Browning, Sledge Barrow, and Gerald Linderman try to explore some of the drivers of such brutalities witnessed with â€Å"ordinary men† of Reserve Police Battalion 101 during World War II. Browning attempts to shed light on the outrageous behavior of â€Å"ordinary men† of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in the period of German invasion of Poland. On the other hand, Sledge explores the physical and psychological tortures that the United States marine went through in their bid to survive during offensive action in Peleliu and Okinawa, which wa s also reflected by Linderman. All these men crafted literature on the experiences of ordinary men during the war, which compelled them to execute horrific and baffling actions. The main role of Reserve Police Battalion 101 in Poland was to clear ghetto and to extradite the Jews to rear regions by train. According to Browning, most of the members of this group were neither Nazis nor trained for war (3–4). Interestingly, the men turned out to be one of the most efficient executioners of innocent civilians. Jozefow, Poland, marks the group’s initial murder stage, which became a future plan for successive murder operations. The Battalion commander, Major Wilhelm Trap, came up with a solution for those who could not accomplish the task of killing their victims by relieving them of their duty. However, only a few members bought his idea of the reprieve offer. It beats logic and exposes extreme meanness when ordinary men were matched one-on-one with their victims, which pres ented the murders as more individual. The men felt resentment and depression from the killing when they later retreated into their camps (Barrow 69). The commanders of the men resorted to making alcohol accessible, perhaps, to frozen the feelings and experience and also to help the men to cope. Browning further argues that some of the members of Reserve Police Battalion 101 requested to quit when the executions began, while others seemed to enjoy their role (70). The idea of taking lives is quite a traumatizing experience. Apparently, those who were leaving were so withdrawn to pull the trigger with their weapons, and more so, on a face-to-face execution basis of their victims. As the battalions participated in numerous operations to capture and exterminate the Jews, they became more oriented to killing and would even derive pleasure from killing their victims (Browning 127). In spite of the reluctance to shoot their Jew victims, it did not make any better their callous capture and delivery of the Jew captives to their murder sites. Browning argues that "Spared direct participation in the killing, the men...seemed scarcely to have been disturbed" (Browning 90). Quite a large number of the battalions took part in organized murders in their attempt to â€Å"cleanse† Poland. The successive executions were based on the plan developed in Jozefow, when the very first executions were made efficiently and effectively by the ordinary men. In the later killings, the Jews were led to the forest, ordered to lie down and then gunned on their necks. Because of their involvement in countless shootings of the Jews, the men became so murder-oriented that they even became efficient in dispelling the killings from

Gun Control Essay Example for Free

Gun Control Essay Gun Control seems to be more of an issue today than it has ever been in the history of our world. We’ve all heard tragic news stories about gun violence; we’ve been hearing about these stories since we’ve been old enough to remember. Gun control has always been a controversial issue, but it could possibly be the most controversial of all issues now. The recent shootings at Sandy Hook in Newport, Connecticut have placed gun control at the front of the line. Gun control isn’t relative to my field of study, but it is an issue that I feel ignorant about. I can understand the views of both sides of the debate, but I work with many gun enthusiasts who are narrow-minded towards this issue, and I want to put an end to this ignorance; not just at my place of work, but anywhere that the issue is being discussed. This is a very serious and sensitive issue that will affect my children’s future, and I need to educate myself because I want to be involved. Gun violence is out of control and needs to be stopped. Gun control has been, and probably always will be, an issue that will always have opposition; but the issue needs to be addressed now more than ever. It’s not an issue of gun control in general; it’s an issue of gun control today. Everyone wants to comment on the ineffectiveness of gun control laws in the past, such as the assault rifle band; stating that gun violence never decreased from these laws

A Class Called Peer Listening :: Personal Narrative Education Essays

A Class Called Peer Listening Walking into a class called "Peer Listening" can certainly give a high school student a unique impression. It was my senior year of high school and all I wanted to do was take easy classes to finish off the year, and that's all I had heard about this class, no homework, it's easy, a "blow off class", so naturally it seemed to be the perfect class. Mr. Bihl I had known for a year and I found him to be a genuinely interesting, understanding person. I walked in the classroom and took the nearest seat to the window side of the room and waited to see who else was in my class. Bill walked in the door, he was a hockey player, jock and all around high achiever. Then came Lauren who was in the same "crowd" as Bill, but with those who liked to live a little more dangerously. Many of them have been into drugs in the past. Next Michelle, who I have heard a lot of rumors about, she is only sixteen and living with her boyfriend in their own apartment. After a minute or two, another kid named Bill strode through the door, he was an all around guy, he could fit into a group of people and manage to entertain them. Just as the bell rang, a girl named Nicole sat in the seat next to me. No one liked Nicole and I never really understood why. There were others that had come in, but most I didn't know. Once the bell had rung and I knew that none of my good friends were going to be in the class, the wave of dread washed over me. A whole semester of people I hardly knew. What a way to spend my senior year of high school! Once the class had started, there were only seventeen people. It was a very small class, compared to the rest of my classes, which topped thirty students. The classroom itself was located just inside the main hall leading to the entrance of the school. Room number 205. Inside, the classroom looked just like every other classroom in Clarkston High School, gray industrial carpeting speckled with burgundy, forest green, and an array of other colors. The walls were cinderblocks painted a hideous shade of off white, and lacked decorations. A gray Formica counter top lined one side of the classroom, complete with cabinets above and below.